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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Argentum is the Latin name for what element?",
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"content": "Argentum, Latin word for this element History & Etymology Silver is known by the mankind since Pre-History, and its discovery is estimated happened to shortly after that of copper and gold. The oldest reference to the element appears in the book of Genesis. \"And Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold.\" (Gen. 13:2) The Egyptians considered gold to be a perfect metal, and gave it the symbol of a circle. Since silver was the closest to gold in perfection, it was given the symbol of a semi-circle. Later this semi-circle led to a growing moon symbol, probably due to the likeness between the shining metal and the moon glow. The noble metals, gold and silver, are found in the native state, and as is well known, gold and silver were used to make jewelry and sheet metal due to the great ductility and lustre of the pure metals. Its malleability and ductility make it ideal for ornamental purposes. It was also used for paying debts, in personal and religious places decoration and in utensils of the wealthiest houses. Some mineral scums in old mines of the Near-East and in some islands of the Aegean sea seem to reveal that by 5000 b.C. a method was already known to separate silver from lead. Early gold and silver ornaments from the Indian subcontinent are found from Indus Valley sites such as Mohenjodaro (ca 3000 BC). The monetary use of silver may well be as old as that of gold but the abundance of the native metal was probably far less, so that comparable supplies were not available until a method of winning the metal from its ores had been discovered. It appears, however, that by perhaps 3000 BC a form of cupellation was in operation in Asia Minor and its use gradually spread, so that silver coinage was of crucial economic importance to all subsequent classical Mediterranean civilizations. In astrology alchemy the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with seven metals also known in antiquity: Sun (Sol)",
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trivia_qa_1505324
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Whose symphony no3 is subtitled 'Scottish'?",
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"content": "San Francisco Symphony - MENDELSSOHN: Symphony No. 3 in A minor, Opus 56, Scottish San Francisco Symphony Music Then and Now: Twentieth Century and Contemporary Mendelssohn: Symphony No. 3 in A Minor, Opus 56, Scottish Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn was born in Hamburg on February 3, 1809, and died in Leipzig on November 4, 1847. Following the Mendelssohn family’s conversion from Judaism to Lutheranism—the children in 1816, the father in 1822—they appended the second name of Bartholdy to their surname; accordingly, the composer is often referred to as Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy. Although he made a short preliminary sketch in August 1829, Mendelssohn composed his Scottish Symphony in earnest from late 1840 to January 20, 1842, and it was premiered on March 3, 1842, with the composer conducting the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. After slight revision, the work was re-introduced in what would be its final form on March 17, under the direction of Karl Bach, conductor at the Leipzig Opera. It was introduced in the US by George Loder and the New York Philharmonic on November 22, 1845. The San Francisco Symphony first played the work under the direction of Alfred Hertz in December 1921. The most recent performances, in January 2010, were conducted by David Robertson. Mendelssohn dedicated the score to “H.M. Queen Victoria of Great Britain and Ireland.” It calls for an orchestra of two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, timpani, and strings. Performance time: about forty minutes. Felix Mendelssohn was born into a family that was both cultured and wealthy. His grandfather was the noted philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, and his father, Abraham, was a supremely successful banker (one remembered for his astute observation that he was destined to go down in history as his father’s son and his son’s father). As a result, young Felix, his gifted sister Fanny Cäcilie, and their younger sister Rebekka and brother Paul enjoyed certain advantages as they moved through their childhood. Even as youngsters, the Mendelssohn children associated with the rich and famous, received well-rounded educations from the best teachers imaginable, and traveled widely. One of the many pleasant perks young Mendelssohn enjoyed was having a private orchestra at his disposal to try out his new compositions at every-other-Sunday musicales instituted in 1822 at the family home in Berlin (the Mendelssohns having moved there from Hamburg in 1811). The composer’s early works were unveiled at these gatherings, among them several of his twelve completed string symphonies, ebullient compositions that chart his progress towards increasing subtlety and refinement in manipulating orchestral forces. The last of the string symphonies was introduced at the end of December 1823. Three months later Mendelssohn, who had just turned fifteen, completed his first symphony for full orchestra, the Symphony No. 1 in C minor (Opus 11), a youthful work still but nonetheless meriting an opus number and, with it, admission to the canon of his “mature” works. Four symphonies would follow Mendelssohn’s string symphonies and his Symphony No. 1, though not in the order that their eventual numbering implies. The next to be written was the Reformation Symphony, mostly composed in 1829-30 and premiered in 1832, but not published until 1868, when it was identified as the fifth of Mendelssohn’s symphonies. The Italian Symphony followed in 1832, but publication waited until 1851 (four years after the composer’s death), when it was assigned position number four among the symphonies. The Symphony No. 2, a sort of symphonic cantata subtitled Lobgesang—Song of Praise—was the next to be written (in 1841, with publication the following year), and the Symphony No. 3 came last, being completed in 1842 and premiered in 1843. The official numbering of Mendelssohn’s symphonies reflects their publication dates; a chronological lineup based on order of composition would run 1, 5, 4, 2, 3. Though he did not embark on its composition in any sustained way until 1840, Mendelss",
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trivia_qa_1505325
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"Which Shakespearean character dies with the words, \"\"The rest is silence\"\"?\"",
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"content": "Why did Shakespeare make \"the rest is silence\" Hamlet's final words? | eNotes Why did Shakespeare make \"the rest is silence\" Hamlet's final words? amymc | High School Teacher | (Level 2) Associate Educator Posted on June 13, 2011 at 12:13 AM I would ask you to consider the \"noise\" that Hamlet has been experiencing since his father died. Because Hamlet is a sensitive, philosophical young man, he thinks rather than acts. However, his father has been murdered and demands revenge from his only son. Therefore, Hamlet experiences a lot of emotional \"noise\" and it tends to be introverted psychologically rather than extroverted (inward, not outward). His erratic thoughts create additional \"noise\" as does his thwarted love for Ophelia and the deceptions of his two friends. As Act V concludes, he realizes his end may be near and does not seem afraid. In fact, he seems to have resolved his life to the hand of fate, as the following quotation implies: If it be now, 'tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come: the readiness is all: since no man has aught of what he leaves, what is't to leave betimes? After this decision, the \"noise\" in his head subsides. He seems to think more clearly. The final quote--\"the rest is silence\"--could represent the true peace that Hamlet feels as both external and internal noise are gone. like 2 dislike 0 August 16, 2008 at 9:29 AM Hamlet, who speaks the majority of the lines in the play, is about to die and stop speaking for ever. He has avenged his father's murder, been cut with the poisoned rapier, and, as he has just reflected to Horatio, is about to pass the crown of Denmark (he is, at this moment, effectively the only candidate to be king) to Fortinbras. There will be no familial succession. In that sense, the rest is silence for the line of the Hamlets. Yet there is (as with so many other things in Hamlet) a meta-theatrical element. Hamlet has just asked Horatio not to commit suicide (Horatio's line 'Here's yet some liquor left' refers to a drop of poison left and his desire to kill himself) but to stay alive and to 'report' Hamlet's story to Fortinbras. Hamlet cannot voice his choice for succession nor can he tell his own story: he is about to die; there can only be silence from him. But when the play--itself a version of Hamlet's story--comes to an end, part of Horatio's project, even after the curtain has come down, is to re-tell that same story: So tell him, with the occurrents, more and less, Which have solicited. Paraphrase: So tell Fortinbras, with the events and results that came to pass, more or less, which wrongdoing was provoked and incited. So, perhaps, as we come to the end of a performance of Hamlet in the theatre, we confront Hamlet. Yet, in an odd sort of way, we simply come to the end of a cycle. There is silence at the end of each performance, but every time the play itself is performed, Hamlet's dying wish for his story to be told 'aright' is fulfilled. HAMLET The potent poison quite o'er-crows my spirit: I cannot live to hear the news from England, But I do prophesy the election lights On Fortinbras: he has my dying voice; So tell him, with the occurrents, more and less, Which have solicited—The rest is silence\". The reference you mention is part of Hamlet's final speech in which he observes the fact that he is dying and reflects that he will not be a part of anything more in life. The rest of his life is to be silence. His life ended, too soon, leaving a wide gap of silence where years of living should be. Hamlet realizes he needs to rely on Horatio to tell Fortinbras that he has Hamlet's \"dying voice\" for succession to the throne of Denmark. He also asks Horatio to tell the story of his uncle, his father, his mother, of how Ophelia died, and finally of how Hamlet's promising life was cut short when he says: HAMLET. So tell him, with the occurrents, more and less, Which have solicited ... May 29, 2008 at 8:39 AM The obvious answer is probably the right one here: It was the end of the play. Hamlet dies with these words",
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trivia_qa_1505326
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Baron Bomburst is a character in which British family film?",
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"content": "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 52 out of 58 people found the following review useful: James Bond goes to Romper Room from Los Angeles, Ca 22 June 2001 I'm one of many thirty-somethings that grew up on this movie and later suffered nightmares featuring the Child Catcher. To this day, I still feel an uneasy chill when I hear the words \"kiddie-winkies\". Bit I still love this film on several levels. I loved it as a child because it's great cinema for children. I love it as a film student because it's a well-crafted, timeless fairytale. And I love it as an adult because it full of suggestive double meanings, much like the Warner Bros cartoons of the 1940s - the type of things that shoot straight over kids' heads and make adults snicker knowingly. With a screenplay penned by Ian Fleming, this should come as no surprise. Dick Van Dyke is Caractacus Potts, a wacky inventor who inexplicably lives in England with his two inexplicably English children. Caractacus Potts...wacky inventor,,,get it? Hoo hah! Potts and his two children (whose pictures may be seen in the dictionary next to the word \"moppet\") live with the senior Mr. Potts in a windmill/labratory. Caractacus rescues a junked motorcar from rusting in a field and restores it to new - meet Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, named for the sounds the car makes. Soon thereafter in one of those Pipi Longstocking-esque child-arranged dates, Potts and his two children go on a picnic with local richgirl Truly Scrumptious - possibly the best Bond Girl name since Pussy Galore. As the day winds down, Potts tells the children a story, in which the foursome embark on a great adventure in the resplendent Chitty Chitty Bang Bang which Potts as rigged to fly, float, drive itself, and perform other turn-of-the-century Batmobile-like functions. Our heroes end up in a far away kingdom ruled over by the Baron and Baroness Bomburst (Gert Frobe and Anna Quayle), a terribly sad place where children have been outlawed, rounded up, and kept in a dungeon. The gang and Chitty invade the kingdom to rescue Potts' father, who has mistakenly been identified as the inventor of the flying car and kidnapped. There, they befriend a toymaker (played by Benny Hill in one of his stock characters from his TV show) who hides the children while they attempt to spring grandpa Potts. Enter the Child Catcher, who lures the children with free lollipops and takes them away to the dungeon. Potts and the toymaker (who now only makes toys for the child-like king) hatch a plan to infiltrate the castle, rescue the elder Potts and the twin moppets, and free all the other children as well. I have two favorite scenes in this film. One is the musical number in the castle, where Truly and Potts are disguised as huge toys for the Baron's birthday. Truly is a wind-up doll on a music box, and Potts is a marionette who does a dance number that not only convinces you that he really is on strings, but that Dick Van Dyke is one of the most talented performers ever to be caught on film. My other favorite scene, I admit with guilt, is the one where the Baron and Baroness are readying themselves for bedtime, and prancing around the room in nightclothes calling each other by ultra-gooey-cute pet names. However, whenever the Baroness isn't looking, Baron Goldfinger takes a swing at her with an axe. It's the most entertainingly erotic scene in a kiddie flick since Natalie Wood was covered in cream pies while wearing only frilly turn-of-the-century underwear in \"The Great Race\". This film is a rare treat. It's a film that appeals to kids and keeps adults interested at the same time. Let your kids watch it, watch it with them, or just watch it yourself when you're in the mood for some pure, escapist fun. And try not to think about the Child Catcher when you go to bed afterward. Was the above review useful to you? 44 out of 54 people found the following review useful: Surprised folks wouldn't like this delightful film! from California 12 May 2003 It surprises me that some people think this is a horrible film. I was 3 when this fi",
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trivia_qa_1505327
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who, after the 2015 General Election is the 'Father of the House’?",
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"content": "Labour’s Dennis Skinner at 83: ‘Father of the House? You must be joking’ | Politics | The Guardian Dennis Skinner Labour’s Dennis Skinner at 83: ‘Father of the House? You must be joking’ If re-elected, the Derbyshire MP will join a small group who have been in the Commons since 1970. So how does he keep going – and why? ‘I’ve never bothered what people say about me’ … Dennis Skinner is fighting his 12th general election in Derbyshire. Photograph: Christopher Thomond for the Guardian Saturday 2 May 2015 06.30 EDT Last modified on Tuesday 20 September 2016 10.05 EDT Share on Messenger Close Dennis Skinner is a little suspicious when we speak on the phone. “Why do you want to talk to me? I don’t trust the papers.” I protest my innocence. “Well, there’s the fact that you’re standing again, and if you complete another five years, you’ll have been in parliament for half a century. Oh, and the paperback of your memoir is about to come out.” “Is it?” he says “Nobody tells me anything.” Eventually he relents. “All right. You’d better come tomorrow. The weather looks better than the day after. If it’s raining, we’ll just be talking to people through their windows. Bolsover library at 12 o’clock. We can talk there and then go out campaigning. I just hope it isn’t raining. It was terrible today.” I expect Bolsover, in north-east Derbyshire, to be a tough little industrial town, but it’s actually more a large, sleepy village. Skinner’s constituency, which he has represented for Labour since 1970, is a collection of 20-odd former pit villages strung across 30 miles of rural Derbyshire. This is now a green and pleasant land, gentrifying in parts. Neighbouring seats, undergoing similar transformations, are no longer Labour bankers, but Skinner’s still is. His election agent, Gary Ransford, expects the 11,000 majority at the last election to rise to 15,000-plus at this one. Skinner is waiting for me in the little library when I arrive, and we talk at a small table in the fiction section. At 83 – and having survived a heart bypass and bladder cancer in the past decade – he is in remarkably good nick. He has carefully groomed, shoulder-length grey hair, a rheumy right eye that weeps later when he stands speechifying in the cold wind, and sports a natty jacket and red tie. He is, you sense, a man who cares about his appearance. Pinterest ‘I’ve been very lucky’ … Skinner earlier in his career. Photograph: Daily Mail/Rex Shutterstock But why on earth is he standing again at 83? He’ll be close to 90 if the next parliament runs its course – only Gerald Kaufman, standing again for Labour in Manchester Gorton at 84, is older. “Mainly because Cameron told me to retire,” Skinner says. “People seem to forget. He told me three times in parliament. If I’d have finished, it would have looked as if he’d scored a victory. He would have talked about it. The moment he said that, I knew I’d have to run.” But in any case, he doubts whether the parliament will last a full five years. “It looks a lot like 1974,” he says. “I would guess either Miliband or Cameron would consider doing what Harold Wilson did and having a second election.” Skinner says he is standing up well to the rigours of his 12th campaign in Bolsover. “I’ve been very lucky. I used to be very athletic when I was a young man. I don’t know whether that’s got anything to do with it. I worked in the pit for more than 20 years and never had a serious injury. I was playing tennis way into my 50s, until my knees began to give me trouble, and I still ride a bike, although my last one was stolen from the House of Commons.” Everyone is shaped by their upbringing, but Skinner is defined by his. His memoir, Sailing Close to the Wind, recounts growing up as one of nine children in a poor but loving mining family in Clay Cross, a few miles south of Chesterfield. Bright and articulate, he passed the 11-plus and went to a grammar school, but rather than try for university, chose to leave school at 16 and follow his father down the pit. When he started work at Parkhouse colliery, one of 10 mines close to Clay",
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trivia_qa_1505328
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The name of which Old Testament prophet has come to mean a bringer of bad luck?",
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"content": "8. Jesus and Nicodemus (John 3:1-21) | Bible.org From the series: That You Might Believe: A Study of the Gospel of John PREVIOUS PAGE | NEXT PAGE 8. Jesus and Nicodemus (John 3:1-21) 1 Now there came a man of the Pharisees whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the council. 2 He came to Jesus at night and said to him, “Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher who has come from God. For no one could do the miraculous signs that you do unless God were with him.” 3 Jesus replied, “I tell you the solemn truth, unless a person is born from above, he cannot see the kingdom of God.” 4 Nicodemus said to him, “How can a man be born when he is old? He cannot enter his mother’s womb and be born a second time, can he?” 5 Jesus answered, “I tell you the solemn truth, unless a person is born of water and spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. 6 What is born of the flesh is flesh, and what is born of the Spirit is spirit. 7 Do not be amazed that I said to you, ‘You must be born from above.’ 8 The wind blows wherever it wishes, and you hear the sound of it, but do not know where it comes from and where it is going. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.” 9 Nicodemus replied, “How can these things be?” 10 Jesus answered, “Are you the teacher of Israel and yet you don’t understand these things? 11 I tell you the solemn truth, we speak about what we know and testify about what we have seen, but you people do not accept our testimony. 12 If I have told you people about earthly things and you don’t believe, how will you believe if I tell you about heavenly things? 13 No one has ascended into heaven except the one who descended from heaven—the Son of Man. 14 Just as Moses lifted up the serpent in the desert, so must the Son of Man be lifted up, 15 so that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life.” 16 For this is the way God loved the world: he gave his one and only Son that everyone who believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. 17 For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world should be saved through him. 18 The one who believes in him is not condemned. The one who does not believe has been condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the one and only Son of God. 19 Now this is the basis for judging: that the light has come into the world and people loved the darkness rather than the light, because their deeds were evil. 20 For everyone who does evil deeds hates the light and does not come to the light, so that their deeds will not be exposed. 21 But the one who practices the truth comes to the light, so that it may be plainly evident that his deeds have been done in God. 146 Introduction A number of years ago, I read a newspaper account of a speech given by the president of a well-known university to a group of influential businessmen and civic leaders. The president told of a recent experience which he, his audience, and the newspaper reporter found humorous. The president was shopping during the Christmas season and happened to pass by a Salvation Army volunteer, standing by a “donation kettle” and ringing a bell. As he paused to make a donation, the woman volunteer asked this educator: “Sir, are you saved?” When he replied that he supposed he was, she was not satisfied, so she pursued the matter further: “I mean, have you ever given your full life to the Lord?” At this point, the president told his audience, he thought he should enlighten this persistent woman concerning his identity: “I am the president of such and such university, and as such, I am also president of its school of theology.” The lady considered his response for a moment, and then replied, “It doesn’t matter wherever you’ve been, or whatever you are, you can still be saved.” The most tragic part of this incident is that both the seminary president and his audience actually thought his story was amusing. One can imagine that if Nicodemus had been confronted by this Salvation Army volunteer, he would have thought—and said—just about the same thing as the university president. Nicod",
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trivia_qa_1505329
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; 'Maverick', 'Ice','Viper', 'Goose', 'Jester' and 'Cougar' were names used by various characters in which film?",
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"content": "Top Gun (1986) - Goofs - IMDb Top Gun (1986) Goofs Showing all 143 items Jump to: Audio/visual unsynchronised (3) | Boom mic visible (1) | Character error (13) | Continuity (59) | Crew or equipment visible (2) | Errors in geography (1) | Factual errors (28) | Miscellaneous (1) | Incorrectly regarded as goofs (9) | Revealing mistakes (20) | Spoilers (6) Audio/visual unsynchronised During both the training missions and dogfight scenes, the sound effects for the targeting system and the radar/missile warning are nearly identical. In reality, those two sounds would be completely different so as to give the pilot no doubt as to what's going on (as evidenced when Maverick appears confused when he hears a \"lock on\" tone when Jester \"kills\" him while Maverick's chasing Viper). Share this: Facebook | Twitter | Permalink Hide options Boom mic visible In Viper's office (visible in the top right as Jester and Viper converse following Maverick leaving the room). Share this: Facebook | Twitter | Permalink Hide options Character error The term \"bogey\" is misused throughout the movie. A bogey is an unidentified aircraft. Once identified, it is referred to as a \"friendly\" (for friendly aircraft), \"bandit\" (for non-friendly aircraft) or \"hostile\" (for non-friendly aircraft that may be fired at). In USN terminology, a non-friendly surface radar contact is a \"skunk\". Share this: Facebook | Twitter | Permalink Hide options When Maverick and Charlie are having dinner, Otis Redding 's \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" comes on and Maverick remembers his \"folks loved it\", then states his father \"disappeared in an F-4 November 5th, 1965,\" yet this song was not written until November 1967. Share this: Facebook | Twitter | Permalink Hide options When the F-14 engines flame out before the flat spin, Goose says, \"Engine one is out,\" and the next shot shows the number two (right) engine \"flaming out.\" When Goose says, \"Engine two is out,\" we see the number one (left) engine \"flaming out.\" (The flame outs are actually the engines being normally brought out of afterburner.) Share this: Facebook | Twitter | Permalink Hide options When the crew sings You've Lost that Lovin' Feeling, they omit the second verse, and change the line \"But baby, baby I know it\" to \"But baby, believe me, I know it.\" It seems highly unlikely that every man in the room would make the same exact singing error. Additionally, the second verse is missing when Charlie plays the song on the jukebox at the end of the film. Share this: Facebook | Twitter | Permalink Hide options Viper tells Maverick, \"that's not something the State Department tells dependents when the battle occurred over the wrong line on some map,\" in reference to the death of Maverick's father. While this is technically correct, it is only correct because the State Department is in no way involved in the process of informing military dependents on the deaths of service members, that is the responsibility of the Defense Department. Share this: Facebook | Twitter | Permalink Hide options Continuity On hop 31, the planes clearly take off early in the morning, but once they're off the ground, it's high noon. Share this: Facebook | Twitter | Permalink Hide options Throughout the film in various dogfight scenes, the wrong pilot can be seen in the RIO seat of the F-14. For instance, in the initial carrier scenes, Sundown can be seen briefly as Maverick's RIO. In the training Hops, both Merlin and a blue-helmeted pilot can be seen in Maverick's RIO seat. Share this: Facebook | Twitter | Permalink Hide options Maverick and Iceman seem to change planes during the final fight scene. Maverick launches in an F-14 bearing a 104 on the nose. Once he lands he exits an F-14 with 114 on the nose while Iceman exits an F-14 with 114 on the nose. Share this: Facebook | Twitter | Permalink Hide options Before and during the \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\" scene at the bar where Maverick and Goose (et al) serenade Charlie, Maverick's nametag clearly reads \"Peter Mitchell,\" with an \"",
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{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who plays Lynette Scavo in the TV series Desperate Housewives?",
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"content": "Desperate Housewives - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com EDIT One day, in the loveliest of suburbs, housewife and mother Mary Alice Young (Brenda Strong) decided to take her own life. Now, from her elevated state of point of view, Mary Alice introduces us to the lives of her friends, neighbors andfamily members living in the idyllic Wisteria Lane, a street where the lawns are green, the houses are pretty, the people are nice... and the secrets are deadly. Her circle of girlfriends on Wisteria Lane includes: Susan Mayer (Teri Hatcher), an accident-prone hopeless romantic, always on the search of her happy ending; Lynette Scavo (Felicity Huffman), a harried mother who gave up on her successful career to become the full-time carer for her vast offspring; Bree Van de Kamp (Marcia Cross), coined \"Martha Stewart-on-steroids\", a perfectionist home fairy who strives to uphold an immaculate appearance; and Gabrielle Solis (Eva Longoria), a former top model turned trophy wife, who must adjust to a slightly more low-key life in the suburbs. From her unique vantage point, Mary Alice sees more now than she ever did alive, and she's planning to share all the delicious secrets that hide behind every neighbor's closed door in this seemingly perfect American suburb. Desperate Housewives stars Brenda Strong as Mary Alice Young, Teri Hatcher as Susan Mayer, Felicity Huffman as Lynette Scavo, Marcia Cross as Bree Van de Kamp, Eva Longoria as Gabrielle Solis, Ricardo Antonio Chavira as Carlos Solis, James Denton as Mike Delfino, Doug Savant as Tom Scavo, Nicollette Sheridan as Edie Britt (seasons 1-5), Andrea Bowen as Julie Mayer, Kyle MacLachlan as Orson Hodge (seasons 3-6), Kathryn Joosten as Karen McCluskey, Shawn Pyfrom as Andrew Van de Kamp, Madison De La Garza as Juanita Solis (seasons 5-8), Mark Moses as Paul Young (seasons 1-2; 7), Dana Delany as Katherine Mayfair (seasons 4-6), Kevin Rahm as Lee McDermott (seasons 4-8), Tuc Watkins as Bob Hunter (seasons 4-8), and Vanessa Williams as Renee Perry (seasons 7-8). Marc Cherry (\" The Golden Girls \") was executive producer and creator. Desperate Housewives was produced by Touchstone Television and was the winner of both the 2005 and 2006 Golden Globe Award for \"Best Television Series - Musical or Comedy\". moreless",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Convection, conduction, and radiation are three of the ways what type of energy can be transferred?",
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"content": "How is heat transferred? Conduction -- Convection -- Radiation How is heat transferred? Conduction -- Convection -- Radiation What is Heat? All matter is made up of molecules and atoms. These atoms are always in different types of motion (translation, rotational, vibrational). The motion of atoms and molecules creates heat or thermal energy. All matter has this thermal energy. The more motion the atoms or molecules have the more heat or thermal energy they will have. Molecules in Motion This is a flash file made from a short molecular dynamics simulation of water. The green lines represent hydrogen bonds between oxygen and hydrogen. Notice the tight structure of water. It is still possible to see all the motions the waters molecules have. What is temperature? From the video above that shows movement of atoms and molecules it can be seen that some move faster than others. Temperature is an average value of energy for all the atoms and molecules in a given system. Temperature is independent of how much matter there is in the system. It is simply an average of the energy in the system. How is heat transferred? Heat can travel from one place to another in three ways: Conduction, Convection and Radiation. Both conduction and convection require matter to transfer heat. If there is a temperature difference between two systems heat will always find a way to transfer from the higher to lower system. CONDUCTION-- Conduction is the transfer of heat between substances that are in direct contact with each other. The better the conductor, the more rapidly heat will be transferred. Metal is a good conduction of heat. Conduction occurs when a substance is heated, particles will gain more energy, and vibrate more. These molecules then bump into nearby particles and transfer some of their energy to them. This then continues and passes the energy from the hot end down to the colder end of the substance. CONVECTION-- Thermal energy is transferred from hot places to cold places by convection. Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liquid or gas. Cooler liquid or gas then takes the place of the warmer areas which have risen higher. This results in a continous circulation pattern. Water boiling in a pan is a good example of these convection currents. Another good example of convection is in the atmosphere. The earth's surface is warmed by the sun, the warm air rises and cool air moves in. RADIATION-- Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact between the heat source and the heated object as is the case with conduction and convection. Heat can be transmitted through empty space by thermal radiation often called infrared radiation . This is a type electromagnetic radiation . No mass is exchanged and no medium is required in the process of radiation. Examples of radiation is the heat from the sun, or heat released from the filament of a light bulb.",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which company made the first pocket sized transistor radio",
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"content": "transistor radio transistor radio transistor radio Who's On First? A Note on the Transistor Radio Lou Costello wanted to know the answer to the question \"who's on first\" for the St. Louis baseball team, but Bud Abbot demonstrated how hard it is to answer such a question (see the Sketch by Bud Abbot and Lou Costello ). The same problems of terminology and definition occur in the history of technology. Nick Lyons in The Sony Vision, (N.Y., 1976) claimed that Sony pioneered the \"world's first pocket-size all-transistor radio\" in March 1957 (page 54). However, Akio Morita in Made in Japan, (N.Y., 1986) wrote that although it was the \"world's smallest\" it was not the first. \"The introduction of this proud achievement was tinged with disappointment that our first transistorized radio was not the very first one on the market\" (page 71). That honor belonged to an American company in Indianapolis called I.D.E.A. that announced the production of the Regency TR-1 on October 18, 1954. Michael Schiffer in The Portable Radio in American Life, (Tucson, 1991) wrote that this was \"the world's first shirt-pocket portable radio--with transistors\" (page 176). The Regency may have been the first commercial transistor radio but Paul Davis has described his development of the first working transistor radio at Texas Instruments in May 1954 (see the Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 1993, pages 56-80). In Germany, Robert Denk may have produced a transistor radio in February of 1948. The germanium transistor was first demonstrated privately at Bell Labs Dec. 23, 1947, by William Shockley and his team. However, production problems delayed its practical use. Until it was perfected, the invention was kept secret for 7 months and no patents were filed until 1948; the first public announcement was June 30, 1948 (Braun and Macdonald, p. 33). Raytheon was first to mass-produce transistors in 1952 and the first to produce a commercial product with transistors, the hearing aid. Amateurs used transistors to design experimental radio circuits as early as 1950 and Western Electric engineers made a wrist radio in 1952 with 4 transistors as a gift for Dick Tracy creator Chester Gould (Schiffer page 174). The Regency claimed in its advertisements that it was the \"world's first pocket radio\" but Schiffer has chronicled the earlier history of pre-transistor portable radios, such as the Operadio 2 in 1923, the \"first stand-alone portable\" (page 72), the Zenith Companion in 1924, the \"first boom-box advertised nationally\" (page 75), and the Belmont Boulevard in 1945, the \"world's first commercial shirt-pocket radio\" (page 162) using the subminiature tubes developed by Norman Krim at Raytheon in 1939. Regency transistor radio of 1954, from Smithsonian Information Age exhibit The Regency may have been first, but it failed to earn a profit and disappeared after a few years. Its importance was that it was a showcase for a new technology. Other U.S. companies introduced dozens of transistor radio models and by 1959 almost half of the 10 million radios made and sold in the U.S. were the portable transistor type. Philco introduced the first transistor TV in January 1959 (Schiffer page 193). Tom Watson, Jr., at IBM gave Regency radios to his engineers and told them to put transistors in computers. Texas Instruments would earn millions in the 1960's supplying IBM with computer transistors. Sony was not first, but its transistor radio was the most successful. The TR-63 of1957 cracked open the U.S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics (Schiffer page 209). Using cheap labor, creative marketing and technological innovation, Sony would dominate the world consumer electronic market into the 1980's. Sony transistor radio of 1955 with green case, from Smithsonian Information Age exhibit My thanks to Don Adamson and Aldo Andreani for suggestions on the transistor radio. See also Transistor Radios from Bob Davidson. For additional references, see the Suggested Readings on the Recording Technology History page. - 1999 by Steven E. Schoen",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In which country were the first Olympic Games held in the Southern Hemisphere?",
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"content": "Why Winter Olympics Bypass the Southern Hemisphere Why Winter Olympics Bypass the Southern Hemisphere By Laura Poppick, Live Science Contributor | February 5, 2014 04:54pm ET MORE The Northern Hemisphere has considerably more landmass, and more people, than the Southern Hemisphere does. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/NOAA NGDC Of the 22 Winter Olympics that have been held since 1924, none have been hosted in the Southern Hemisphere. Nearly the same is true of the Summer Olympics — only two games have been held down south, both in Australia (1956 and 2000), though the 2016 games are scheduled for Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro. A number of factors play into the Northern Hemisphere's grip on the games, including various political and socio-economic reasons: Lots of financial resources go into planning and holding the games, and many of the world's wealthiest nations are located in the Northern Hemisphere. This year's Sochi Games are expected to cost Russia more than $50 billion — a bill that not many countries would be able or willing to foot. But in the case of the Winter Olympics , geology and climate also play major roles in the northern monopoly. [ Images: World's Snow Cover Seen from Space ] \"To have a Winter Olympics, you need a place with snow,\" Richard Seager, a geologist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University in New York, told Live Science. \"In the Southern Hemisphere, that would pretty much limit you to the Andes.\" That is, of course, excluding Antarctica , which receives plenty of snow, but has too extreme an environment to hold the Olympics. Chart shows average high and low temperatures of Olympics sites since 1924. Credit: by Ross Toro, Infographics Artist The Northern Hemisphere has greater snow accumulation rates than the Southern Hemisphere because more landmasses in the Northern Hemisphere are located at high latitudes, and therefore receive less direct sunlight in the winter and become colder — and more snow-prone — than landmasses in the Southern Hemisphere. Land in the Southern Hemisphere is concentrated closer to the equator, where more direct sunlight increases heat and lowers the chances of snow accumulation. Still, other Southern Hemisphere locations get a fair amount of snow, including parts of southern Australia and New Zealand. But Australian snowfall is not consistent enough for the games, and New Zealand is a small country that is relatively isolated and difficult to get to — though it could feasibly be a good candidate in the future, Seager said. In addition to its high latitudes, land in the Northern Hemisphere is also simply more abundant than land in the Southern Hemisphere, which affects regional and global climate patterns in a way that can slightly favor snowfall in the north. \"Northern Hemisphere winters do tend to be cold and snowy since the large landmasses — away from the moderating influences of the ocean — tend to get very cold,\" Seager said. Snowfall requires both cold air and moisture, Seager pointed out. \"The large ocean areas in the Southern Hemisphere prevent winter from getting too cold, except in Antarctica. Hence, the snow falls in high and cold places — the Andes and the New Zealand Alps — where there is also abundant moisture supply from the ocean.\" Seager listed Chile and New Zealand as the two most feasible candidates to host the Winter Olympics in the future. Follow Laura Poppick on Twitter . Follow us @livescience , Facebook & Google+ . Original article on Live Science . Editor's Recommendations",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which French Revolutionary leader was assassinated whilst taking a bath in 1793?",
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"content": "French Revolution - 2 | Britannica.com French Revolution the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789. Displaying 1 - 100 of 123 results ancien régime (French: “old order”) Political and social system of France prior to the French Revolution. Under the regime, everyone was a subject of the king of France as well as a member of an estate and province. All rights and status flowed from the social institutions,... aristocracy government by a relatively small privileged class or by a minority consisting of those felt to be best qualified to rule. As conceived by the Greek philosophers Plato (c. 428/427–348/347 bce) and Aristotle (384–322 bce), aristocracy means the rule of... Aulard, François-Alphonse one of the leading historians of the French Revolution, noted for the application of the rules of historical criticism to the revolutionary period. His writings dispelled many of the myths surrounding the Revolution. Aulard obtained his doctorate in... Babeuf, François-Noël early political journalist and agitator in Revolutionary France whose tactical strategies provided a model for left-wing movements of the 19th century and who was called Gracchus for the resemblance of his proposed agrarian reforms to those of the 2nd-century-... Barère, Bertrand a leading member of the Committee of Public Safety that ruled Revolutionary France during the period of the Jacobin dictatorship (1793–94); his stringent policies against those suspected of royalist tendencies made him one of the most feared revolutionaries.... Barnave, Antoine prominent political figure of the early French Revolutionary period whose oratorical skill and political incisiveness made him one of the most highly respected members of the National Assembly. Of an upper-bourgeois Protestant family, Barnave was privately... Barras, Paul-François-Jean-Nicolas, vicomte de one of the most powerful members of the Directory during the French Revolution. A Provençal nobleman, Barras volunteered as gentleman cadet in the regiment of Languedoc at the age of 16 and from 1776 to 1783 served in India. A period of unemployment... Bastille medieval fortress on the east side of Paris that became, in the 17th and 18th centuries, a French state prison and a place of detention for important persons charged with various offenses. The Bastille, stormed by an armed mob of Parisians in the opening... Batz, Jean, baron de royalist conspirator during the French Revolution. Born of a noble family in Gascony, Batz entered the army at the age of 14, rising to the rank of colonel by 1787. During Louis XVI’s reign he busied himself with financial transactions and made a fortune.... Berthier, Louis-Alexandre, prince de Wagram French soldier and the first of Napoleon’s marshals. Though Berthier was not a distinguished commander, Napoleon esteemed him highly as chief of staff of the Grande Armée from 1805. Responsible for the operation of Napoleon’s armies, he was called by... Billaud-Varenne, Jean-Nicolas lawyer and pamphleteer, a member of the Committee of Public Safety that ruled Revolutionary France during the period of the Jacobin dictatorship (1793–94). Billaud-Varenne was the son of a lawyer of La Rochelle. After studying at the Universities of... bourgeoisie the social order that is dominated by the so-called middle class. In social and political theory, the notion of the bourgeoisie was largely a construct of Karl Marx (1818–83) and of those who were influenced by him. In popular speech, the term connotes... Brissot, Jacques-Pierre a leader of the Girondins (often called Brissotins), a moderate bourgeois faction that opposed the radical-democratic Jacobins during the French Revolution. The son of an eating-house keeper, Brissot began to work as a clerk in lawyers’ offices, first... Brumaire, Coup of 18–19 (November 9–10, 1799), coup d’état that overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte. The event is often viewed as the effective",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which poet and author served in Oliver Cromwell's Government for Foreign tongues?",
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"content": "Cromwell Through the Media of His Day | Novelguide Home › History › Cromwell Through the Media of His Day Cromwell Through the Media of His Day The years between 1640 and 1660 witnessed in England a greater outpouring of printed material than the country had seen since the first printing press had begun operating in the 1470s.1 The breakdown of government and Church censorship in the early 1640s was almost total until the mid-1650s when Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector reimposed some controls. Not until the return of the Stuarts and their royal censors did the flow of pamphlets cease. This tumultuous period of English history therefore became a crowded arena for free expression of radical religious, social, and political ideas. This fact, coupled with the euphoria surrounding the victories of the New Model Army, the uninhibited exchange of ideas, and the general millennial atmosphere, especially following Charles Is execution, led many Englishman to see their nation as the emerging leader of the Protestant world. A recurring theme among these pamphlets, sermons, and broadsides was the idea that Oliver Cromwell was the man to lead England into this new age. Like the second coming of the Swedish soldier-king Gustavus Adolphus, Cromwell would champion the Protestant cause wherever it was in need. As a Civil War hero, conqueror of the Irish and Scots, and later as Lord Protector, the devoutly religious Cromwell certainly had the background to fit the role. Yet in practical terms, England of the 1640s and 1650s was not the military juggernaut that many writers pictured it to be. The nation was not capable of wiping out the Turkish menace, unseating the Pope, and defending persecuted Protestants on the Continent all in one fell swoop. Thefinancial difficulties of the Stuarts did not disappear with the execution of Charles, and though the navy was strong, it was not logistically feasible for the army to get involved in a large Continental war. Despite this, even Cromwell himself had some occasional delusions of religious and military grandeur. A well known quote has him saying that, were he ten years younger, \"there was not a king in Europe I would not make to tremble.\"2 In moments of religious fervor Cromwell might have seen himself and England in a millenial light, yet he was first and foremost a pragmatic politician. His genuine belief in the need to aid and protect his co-religionists took a secondary position to the day-to-day realities of English society and politics. His alliance with the Catholic French against the Spanish and his acquiescence to the war agaist the Protestant Dutch provide ample evidence of his heeding realpolitik considerations over any Pan-Protestant ideology. Why then was Cromwell cast by the pamphleteers as a Protestant champion? The answer lies in the fact that the world view of the average Englishman was limited to either what he read or what was read to him, either at informal gatherings or in church. Thus, the power of the printed word is hard to exaggerate in this time of upheaval and millennial anticipation. How and why Oliver Cromwell was cast in the role of English savior is directly related to the outlook of his contemporaries as shaped by the literature of the era. After distinguished service in the early years of the Civil War, Cromwell was firmly thrust into the limelight following his participation in the Battle of Naseby on 14 June 1645, the conflicts decisive engagement. Having only recently rejoined the army following his exemption from the Self Denying Ordinance, he was to play a major role in this Parliamentary victory. Despite an overwhelming numerical advantage (14,000 vs. 7,500), the Parliamentary forces were on the verge of collapse following a Royalist charge against one end of their line. Cromwell, however, led the better disciplined Parliamentary horse on a charge against the opposite flank and succeeded in getting behind the Royalist infantry and thus swinging the victory toward Parliament. Though the King held out for another year, Naseby effectively crushed the",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The Richter scale measures the intensity of what?",
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"content": "Magnitude / Intensity Comparison Jump to Navigation Magnitude / Intensity Comparison Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of earthquakes. Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Magnitude is determined from measurements on seismographs. Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location. Intensity is determined from effects on people, human structures, and the natural environment. Magnitude / Intensity Comparison The following table gives intensities that are typically observed at locations near the epicenter of earthquakes of different magnitudes. Magnitude Abbreviated Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. III. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated. IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably. V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop. VI. Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight. VII. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent. XI. Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly. XII. Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air. From The Severity of an Earthquake.",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In what year was Concorde's last commercial flight?",
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"content": "The Concorde makes its final flight - Oct 24, 2003 - HISTORY.com The Concorde makes its final flight Share this: The Concorde makes its final flight Author The Concorde makes its final flight URL Publisher A+E Networks The supersonic Concorde jet makes its last commercial passenger flight, traveling at twice the speed of sound from New York City’s John F. Kennedy International Airport to London’s Heathrow Airport on this day in 2003. The British Airways jet carried 100 passengers, including actress Joan Collins, model Christie Brinkley, and an Ohio couple who reportedly paid $60,000 on eBay for two tickets (a roundtrip trans-Atlantic fare typically cost about $9,000). A large crowd of spectators greeted the plane’s arrival in London, which coincided with two other final Concorde flights from Edinburgh and the Bay of Biscay. The Concorde, which was developed jointly by the British and French governments, began commercial service in January 1976. A significant achievement in aviation technology and design, the sleek, delta-winged planes could make the trip from New York to London in around three and a half hours, traveling at 1,350 miles per hour. The Concorde became a symbol of speed and luxury, although it was not without its problems. Some who lived under its flight path criticized the enormous noise it produced. And, tragically, on July 25, 2000, an Air France jet crashed after takeoff from Paris and 113 people died. All Concorde flights were grounded for over a year after the incident. Citing rising operating costs and reduced ticket sales, British Airways retired its Concorde fleet in October 2003. Air France, the only other Concorde carrier, had permanently grounded its jets in May 2003. However, the allure of the Concorde was so powerful that when the airlines auctioned off spare parts from their fleets shortly after their retirement, many items sold for significantly more than their suggested price. For example, a blanket valued at $100 sold for $2,000, a door sold for $33,000, and a needle nose sold for $550,000. Related Videos",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Lynn Reid Banks debut novel was entitled ‘The…’what’-Shaped Room’?",
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"content": "Uncategorized | i love english literature | Page 2 i love english literature October 3, 2011 Leave a comment Orphan Pip’s rise through society thanks to his mysterious benefactor wins poll by comfortable margin Jean Simmons, Martita Hunt and Anthony Wager in David Lean’s 1946 film of Great Expectations. Photograph: Sportsphoto Ltd/Allstar The author himself might have preferred David Copperfield, but Guardian readers have voted for Great Expectations as their favourite Charles Dickens novel. Pip’s adventures won 24.9% of the reader poll , well ahead of the second-placed Bleak House with 16.9%. David Copperfield, which Dickens called his “favourite child”, was third with 9.2% of the vote. From its famous opening in the graveyard, when the orphan Pip first encounters the shackled convict Magwitch, “a fearful man, all in coarse gray, with a great iron on his leg”, through his meetings with the bitter Miss Havisham and the cold Estella, and his rise through society thanks to a mysterious benefactor, Great Expectations is, said voter gavinscottw, “not only – as others have observed – formally the most ingenious of the novels – but perhaps Dickens’s most morally angry work”. Others were less impressed by the novel, and put its popularity down to the fact that “people are made to read it in school, so it’s the only one they’ve read”, said VaneWimsey, an Our Mutual Friend supporter. “It’s sooo thin and long-drawn-out. And Estella is just plain nasty. Don’t know what Pip sees in her. First crush, maybe … great love of anyone’s life, no way.” Great Expectations’ place on school reading lists can’t be the only reason for its triumph, however, with the school perennial Oliver Twist only picking up 4.6% of the readers’ votes. Pip’s place in readers’ affections was also attributed to the wealth of film and television adaptations which have been made of the novel over the years. A new version from BBC One starring David Suchet as Jaggers, Ray Winstone as Magwitch and Gillian Anderson as Miss Havisham is out for Christmas, and a new film adapted by One Day novelist David Nicholls starring Helena Bonham Carter as Miss Havisham and Ralph Fiennes as Magwitch is due to start shooting shortly. “I suspect that’s one reason why Great Expectations is such a popular novel. Readers grow up with it,” wrote Robert Douglas-Fairhurst in the Guardian . “It’s probably also why so many of them sympathise with Pip, whose narrative voice involves the perspective of a wide-eyed child coming up against that of his wiser, sadder adult self. Anyone who first reads the story as a child and returns to it in later years is likely to feel a similar mixture of nostalgia and relief. But it isn’t only individual readers who have grown up with Great Expectations. Our culture has too. Dickens once claimed that David Copperfield was his ‘favourite child’ and that Great Expectations was a close second. It’s no coincidence that both novels are about how easily children can be warped or damaged, but of the two it is the shorter, sharper Great Expectations that has aged better.” Despite a glowing user review from Jane Smiley , which saw the Pulitzer prize-winning author call it “one of my two or three favourite novels of all time”, praising its “magical” prose and “perfect blending of story and style”, Our Mutual Friend only picked up 6.5% of readers’ votes. “Where’s the love for Our Mutual Friend?” asked voter VaneWimsey, describing the author’s final complete novel as “the great masterwork of Dickens’s maturity”. The least popular Dickens novel was, unsurprisingly, his unfinished final work The Mystery of Edwin Drood, with 0.8% of the vote, narrowly behind Martin Chuzzlewit (1%), The Old Curiosity Shop (1.2%) and Nicholas Nickleby (1.8%). Your favourite Dickens novels: the result in full A Christmas Carol 7.4% A Tale of Two Cities 8.7% Barnaby Rudge 4.6% The Mystery of Edwin Drood 0.8% The Old Curiosity Shop 1.2% September 25, 2011 Leave a comment Charles Dickens, in contemplative pose. Which is your favourite Dickens? Photograph: Hulton Archive We’re on the hu",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which former US chat show host starred in the 1998 film ‘Beloved’?",
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"content": "Famous Female Talk Show Hosts | List of Top Female Talk Show Hosts Famous Female Talk Show Hosts 305k views 102 items tags f t p @ This list of famous female talk show hosts is ranked by their level of prominence, with photos when available. This greatest female talk show hosts list contains the most prominent and top women known for being talk show hosts. There many women talk show hosts on the air these days, but this list highlights only the most notable ones. Female TV hosts have worked hard to become the best that they can be, so if you're a girl aspiring to be a talk show host then the women talk show hosts below should give you inspiration. Oprah Winfrey broke ground as a black female talk show host, and there have been many Mexican, Canadian, and Spanish female TV show hosts that have made names for themselves as well. While this isn't a list of all female talk show hosts, it's a great starting point, with over 100 female TV talk show hosts to learn more about, all of whom have had hit shows. Who are the most famous female talk show hosts? Who are the best female talk show hosts? Take a look at the talk show hostess list below and find out! List Photo: Ellen DeGeneres/ Facebook G Options B Comments & Embed 1",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What do the names Charles, Orville, Jean, Wilbur and Laika suggest?",
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"content": "Astrology: Orville Wright, date of birth: 1871/08/19, Horoscope, Astrological Portrait, Dominant Planets, Birth Data, Biography 1st Fire sign - 1st Cardinal sign (spring equinox) - Masculine In analogy with Mars, his ruler, and the 1st House Aries governs the head. His colour is red, his stone is the heliotrope, his day is Tuesday, and his professions are businessman, policeman, sportsman, surgeon... If your sign is Aries or your Ascendant is Aries: you are courageous, frank, enthusiastic, dynamic, fast, bold, expansive, warm, impulsive, adventurous, intrepid, warlike, competitive, but also naive, domineering, self-centred, impatient, rash, thoughtless, blundering, childish, quick-tempered, daring or primitive. Some traditional associations with Aries: Countries: England, France, Germany, Denmark. Cities: Marseille, Florence, Naples, Birmingham, Wroclaw, Leicester, Capua, Verona. Animals: Rams and sheeps. Food: Leeks, hops, onions, shallots, spices. Herbs and aromatics: mustard, capers, Cayenne pepper, chilli peppers. Flowers and plants: thistles, mint, bryonies, honeysuckles. Trees: hawthorns, thorny trees and bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: diamonds, iron, potassium phosphate. Signs: Taurus 1st Earth sign - 1st Fixed sign - Feminine In analogy with Venus, his ruler, and the 2nd House Taurus governs the neck and the throat. Her colour is green or brown, her stone is the emerald, her day is Friday, her professions are cook, artist, estate agent, banker, singer... If your sign is Taurus or your Ascendant is Taurus: you are faithful, constant, sturdy, patient, tough, persevering, strong, focused, sensual, stable, concrete, realistic, steady, loyal, robust, constructive, tenacious. You need security, but you are also stubborn, rigid, possessive, spiteful, materialistic, fixed or slow. Some traditional associations with Taurus: Countries: Switzerland, Greek islands, Ireland, Cyprus, Iran. Cities: Dublin, Palermo, Parma, Luzern, Mantua, Leipzig, Saint Louis, Ischia, Capri. Animals: bovines. Food: apples, pears, berries, corn and other cereals, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans. Herbs and aromatics: sorrels, spearmint, cloves. Flowers and plants: poppies, roses, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, daisies. Trees: apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses, ash trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: copper, calcium and potassium sulphate, emeralds. Signs: Gemini 1st Air sign - 1st Mutable sign - Masculine In analogy with Mercury, his ruler, and the 3rd House Gemini governs the arms, the lungs and the thorax. His colour is green or silver, his stone is the crystal, his day is Wednesday, his professions are journalist, lawyer, presenter, dancer, salesman, travel agent, teacher... If your sign is Gemini or if your Ascendant is Gemini: you are expressive, lively, adaptable, quick-witted, humorous, sparkling, playful, sociable, clever, curious, whimsical, independent, polyvalent, brainy, flexible, ingenious, imaginative, charming, fanciful but also capricious, scattered, moody, shallow, inquisitive, opportunistic, unconcerned, selfish, fragile, ironical or changeable. Some traditional associations with Gemini: Countries: Belgium, Wales, United-States, Lower Egypt, Sardinia, Armenia. Cities: London, Plymouth, Cardiff, Melbourne, San Francisco, Nuremberg, Bruges, Versailles. Animals: monkeys, butterflies, parrots, budgerigars. Food: dried fruits, chestnuts, ground-level vegetables: peas, broad beans, etc. Herbs and aromatics: aniseed, marjoram, lemon balm, cumin. Flowers and plants: lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtle, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets. Trees: nut trees such as chestnut trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: agates, mercury, silicas and potashes. Signs: Cancer 1st Water sign - 2nd Cardinal sign (summer solstice) - Feminine In analogy with the Moon, her ruler, and the 4th House Cancer governs the stomach and the breast. Her colour is white or black, her stone is the moonstone, her day is Monday, her professions are catering, the hotel trade, property, antique dealer, archaeologist... If your sign is Cancer",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Where did Britain surrender to the USA in 1781?",
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"content": "Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown - Oct 19, 1781 - HISTORY.com Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1781, British General Charles Cornwallis formally surrenders 8,000 British soldiers and seamen to a French and American force at Yorktown, Virginia, bringing the American Revolution to a close. Previously, Cornwallis had driven General George Washington’s Patriot forces out of New Jersey in 1776, and led his Recoats in victory over General Horatio Gates and the Patriots at Camden, South Carolina, in 1780. His subsequent invasion of North Carolina was less successful, however, and in April 1781, he led his weary and battered troops toward the Virginia coast, where he could maintain seaborne lines of communication with the large British army of General Henry Clinton in New York City. After conducting a series of raids against towns and plantations in Virginia, Cornwallis settled in Yorktown in August. The British immediately began fortifying the town and the adjacent promontory of Gloucester Point across the York River Washington instructed the Marquis de Lafayette, who was in Virginia with an American army of around 5,000 men, to block Cornwallis’ escape from Yorktown by land. In the meantime, Washington’s 2,500 troops in New York were joined by a French army of 4,000 men under the Count de Rochambeau. Washington and Rochambeau made plans to attack Cornwallis with the assistance of a large French fleet under the Count de Grasse, and on August 21 they crossed the Hudson River to march south to Yorktown. Covering 200 miles in 15 days, the allied force reached the head of Chesapeake Bay in early September. Meanwhile, a British fleet under Admiral Thomas Graves failed to break French naval superiority at the Battle of Virginia Capes on September 5, denying Cornwallis his expected reinforcements. Beginning September 14, de Grasse transported Washington and de Rochambeau’s men down the Chesapeake to Virginia, where they joined Lafayette and completed the encirclement of Yorktown on September 28. De Grasse landed another 3,000 French troops carried by his fleet. During the first two weeks of October, the 14,000 Franco-American troops gradually overcame the fortified British positions with the aid of de Grasse’s warships. A large British fleet carrying 7,000 men set out to rescue Cornwallis, but it was too late. On October 19, General Cornwallis surrendered 7,087 officers and men, 900 seamen, 144 cannons, 15 galleys, a frigate and 30 transport ships. Pleading illness, he did not attend the surrender ceremony, but his second-in-command, General Charles O’Hara, carried Cornwallis’ sword to the American and French commanders. As the British and Hessian troops marched out to surrender, the British band played the song “The World Turned Upside Down.” Although the war persisted on the high seas and in other theaters, the Patriot victory at Yorktown effectively ended fighting in the American colonies. Peace negotiations began in 1782, and on September 3, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed, formally recognizing the United States as a free and independent nation after eight years of war. Related Videos",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who did Evan Davies replace in a long-running TV programme this summer?",
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"content": "Best moments of Evan Davis on Radio 4's Today programme - Telegraph BBC Best moments of Evan Davis on Radio 4's Today programme As the BBC broadcaster presents his final Radio 4 show before moving to Newsnight, we take a look back at some of his finest moments Former Today programme presenter Evan Davis: \"I just think [drug taking] is something gay people have to watch out for\" Photo: Rex Features Follow This morning Evan Davis presented his final show on Radio 4’s Today programme before moving Newsnight, where he will replace Jeremy Paxman as the anchor of the BBC Two's flagship current affairs show. His final show featured a list of Mr Davis' \"golden rules\" for Today presenters, which included \"if you lose interest in an item, find a way to amuse yourself\" and \"if something has gone wrong, just carry on\". He praised the \"stoic and heroic\" work of his team, and recalled some of his most \"fantastic\" experiences such as interviewing from the Dalai Lama to Jay Z. Mr Davis concluded the show with an accidental slip of the tongue when he told listeners to \"have a great night\" which he quickly corrected to \"day\". He joined the Today programme in April 2008 after six-and-a-half years as the BBC's economics editor. Related Articles Gareth Malone creates celebrity choir for Children In Need single 25 Sep 2014 As Mr Davis presents his final show, we take a look back at some of his best moments. Downing Street complaint Mr Davis became embroiled in a row with Chancellor George Osborne in December 2012 following a post-autumn statement interview. He provoked an official complaint from Downing Street after a 13-minute interview with George Osborne, where he was accused of adopting an “unacceptably hostile” tone. Conservative MPs rounded on Mr Davis on Twitter for giving Mr Osborne a tougher time than his Labour opposite. Not knowing which sex Lady Gaga is Mr Davis said: \"Women's singing is doing very well at the moment. If you look at the UK top ten, four single females are in there...plus Lady Gaga\". This episode prompted one of his golden rules for Today presenters: \"Get a grip on popular culture and know what sex Lady Gaga is.\" Calling the Today programme a \"shambles\" When a guest on the show told Mr Davis he was downstairs but could not get up into the studio, the presenter said, live on air: \"For goodness sake, this programme is such a shambles sometimes.\" Being mistaken for a relation of David Davis An American guest once asked Mr Davis: \"I had dinner last night with David Davis, are you any relation?\" A fiery interview with Lord Young Mr Davis sparked controversy back in October 2010 when he was accused of promoting the legalisation of cannabis. During an interview with Lord Young, Mr Davis seized on Lord Young’s remark that: “Frankly, if I want to do something stupid and break my leg or neck, that’s up to me.” When Lord Young asked: “Haven’t you ever been skiing?” the presenter replied: “So if I want to smoke cannabis, that’s up to me as well, presumably? What principle distinguishes between me doing something dangerous that can break my neck and having a spliff?” Greenwald interview fallout The fallout between Guardian reporter Glenn Greenwald and Mr Davis, after a heated interview on the Today programme about the ethics of spying disclosures, spilled onto Twitter. Commenting on the interview, Mr Greenwald said: \"I love and favour adversarial interviews: but when you're only aggressive w/govt critics, not natl security officials, that's shoddy journalism\". This was in November 2013, as Britain's top spy chiefs prepared to be grilled by MPs over the NSA and GCHQ spying furore, sparked by Greenwald's reports. Too many \"old blokes\"",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The word membranophone technically refers to a?",
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"content": "What is a Hang Drum? The term hang drum is a misnomer for a musical instrument or “sound sculpture” called a Hang. What is a Hang? In November 1999, instrument builders Felix Rohner and Sabina Schärer of PANArt created the first Hang (Plural: Hanghang) prototype in Bern, Switzerland. Hang means “hand” in the Bernese German language, and is pronounced “hung or hong”. The development of the Hang began after years of research on the making of, tuning and developing specific metals for the steelpan . Also contributing to the Hangs birth was the study of Gongs, Gamelan, Ghatam, Udu, drums and bells. Photo © Michael Paschko. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported. Original photo here. The sound sculpture has a peculiar “UFO shape” that is the result of gluing two half-shells of deep drawn, nitrated steel together at the rim. The inside of the instrument is hollow and the outside has notes and tone fields hammered into it. The top shell has a center note that is surrounded by 7-9 tone fields. The bottom shell has a tuned port centered on the bottom. The notes and tone fields are usually played with finger strikes that can be dynamic but without aggressive force. Photo © Michael Paschko . Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported. Original photo here . According the wikipedia , “The Hang was developed in the year 2000 and introduced at the Musikmesse Frankfurt in 2001.” PANArt ’s Hang , the new instrument of the millennium, will probably go down in history as the most important acoustical instrument to develop in the 21th century. Hang Drum vs. PanArt Hang In 2002, Lark in the morning, a musician’s service outlet in the U.S.A. that specialized in hard to find musical items coined the term “hang drum” in order to market its stock of Hanghang. This new catchy name spread quickly throughout California. Eventually hang drum made its way to the World Wide Web as buskers from Haight-Ashburry to Amsterdam and other Hang playing musicians were uploaded to YouTube. Ultimately, the term hang drum found its way to most English speaking countries and was firmly established on social media. Uploaded to YouTube on Nov 29, 2006: Uploaded to YouTube on Apr 10, 2008: In 2007 PANArt asked several distributors to stop using the term hang drum on their websites. By 2009 more than 5000 hanghang were distributed around the globe. That same year—almost 7 years after the term appeared—the Hang builders of PANArt officially and publicly voiced their disdain for the term hang drum: “Percussionists were initially attracted to this fresh new instrument. They called it by many names and descriptions including UFO, flying saucer, Pantam, disco armonico and Hang drum. “ “We were forced to accept definitions and activities around the previous generations of the Hang to which we could not agree. Treating it as a drum and promoting the name Hang drum, for instance, has created a ripple effect of misinformation that leads to damaged instruments, physical injury, and mental and emotional turbulence.” In 2010 PANArt stated in a newsletter : “We do not make….hang drums. Playing the drums is a different language.” The Hang player communities online ( hangblog.org and Handpan.org ) mostly agreed with PANArt that it should not be called a hang drum. Most members discouraged the use of term and sought to educate the less informed. Professionals in the genre seemed to avoid the term purposely or by habit. Currently, with 7000-8000 hanghang in the world, attempts to eradicate the term hang drum have failed. It is not possible to erase all the YouTube clips that use the term hang drum. Therefore, many people who discover the Hang on the Internet will initially believe “hang drum” is the proper name of the instrument. Consequently, people who know better often use the term online in order to get noticed by those who have just discovered the Hang via the hang drum misnomer. And, there are others who simply don’t care. The Hang is not a Drum The everyday person typically defines a drum as a cylindrical or go",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who was the president for all but the last 6 months of the Korean war?",
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"content": "Korean War - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google The Two Koreas “If the best minds in the world had set out to find us the worst possible location in the world to fight this damnable war,” U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson (1893-1971) once said, “the unanimous choice would have been Korea.” The peninsula had landed in America’s lap almost by accident. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Korea had been a part of the Japanese empire, and after World War II it fell to the Americans and the Soviets to decide what should be done with their enemy’s mperial possessions. In August 1945, two young aides at the State Department divided the Korean peninsula in half along the 38th parallel. The Russians occupied the area north of the line and the United States occupied the area to its south. Did You Know? Unlike World War II and Vietnam, the Korean War did not get much media attention in the United States. The most famous representation of the war in popular culture is the television series “M*A*S*H,” which was set in a field hospital in South Korea. The series ran from 1972 until 1983, and its final episode was the most-watched in television history. By the end of the decade, two new states had formed on the peninsula. In the south, the anti-communist dictator Syngman Rhee (1875-1965) enjoyed the reluctant support of the American government; in the north, the communist dictator Kim Il Sung (1912-1994) enjoyed the slightly more enthusiastic support of the Soviets. Neither dictator was content to remain on his side of the 38th parallel, however, and border skirmishes were common. Nearly 10,000 North and South Korean soldiers were killed in battle before the war even began. The Korean War and the Cold War Even so, the North Korean invasion came as an alarming surprise to American officials. As far as they were concerned, this was not simply a border dispute between two unstable dictatorships on the other side of the globe. Instead, many feared it was the first step in a communist campaign to take over the world. For this reason, nonintervention was not considered an option by many top decision makers. (In fact, in April 1950, a National Security Council report known as NSC-68 had recommended that the United States use military force to “contain” communist expansionism anywhere it seemed to be occurring, “regardless of the intrinsic strategic or economic value of the lands in question.”) “If we let Korea down,” President Harry Truman (1884-1972) said, “the Soviet[s] will keep right on going and swallow up one [place] after another.” The fight on the Korean peninsula was a symbol of the global struggle between east and west, good and evil. As the North Korean army pushed into Seoul, the South Korean capital, the United States readied its troops for a war against communism itself. At first, the war was a defensive one–a war to get the communists out of South Korea–and it went badly for the Allies. The North Korean army was well-disciplined, well-trained and well-equipped; Rhee’s forces, by contrast, were frightened, confused, and seemed inclined to flee the battlefield at any provocation. Also, it was one of the hottest and driest summers on record, and desperately thirsty American soldiers were often forced to drink water from rice paddies that had been fertilized with human waste. As a result, dangerous intestinal diseases and other illnesses were a constant threat. By the end of the summer, President Truman and General Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964), the commander in charge of the Asian theater, had decided on a new set of war aims. Now, for the Allies, the Korean War was an offensive one: It was a war to “liberate” the North from the communists. Initially, this new strategy was a success. An amphibious assault at Inchon pushed the North Koreans out of Seoul and back to their side of the 38th parallel. But as American troops crossed the boundary and headed north toward the Yalu River, the border between North Korea and Communist China, the Chinese started to worry about protecting themselves from what they called “armed aggres",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Phobophobia is the irrational fear of developing a what?",
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"content": "Learn About Phobophobia: The Fear of Phobias Phobias SHARE Learn About Phobophobia: The Fear of Phobias Phobias are intense, irrational fears caused by non-dangerous stimuli. Examples of common phobias include arachnophobia (fear of spiders), social phobia (fear of social situations), and acrophobia (fear of heights). There are even phobias of long words and left handed people. But what you may not have known is that some people have a fear of phobias. It's known as phobophobia, and in some ways it's more common than you may think. Have a Phobia? What About Anxiety? Find out what your anxiety says about you and how you can treat it by taking my free 7 minute anxiety test now. Start the test here . How Phobophobia Works Experts are somewhat mixed on whether or not phobophobia is common. The truth is that it seems to affect those that already have fears or phobias, which may imply that it's not a phobia itself, but rather a symptom of the phobia. Make sure you've taken my anxiety test yet if you haven't already. But the idea behind phobophobia is that there are those that are either: Intensely afraid of phobia/anxiety symptoms, or Intensely afraid of developing a phobia. Many people experience the former. Those with panic attacks or severe anxiety are actually very prone to experiencing \"fear of fear,\" where they become very fearful about experiencing another attack of anxiety – especially anxiety with severe physical symptoms. The symptoms of anxiety can be so severe that they cause immense distress, and in some cases make the person either feel like they're having a heart attack or feel like something is seriously wrong with their health. Many just develop a fear because it's so difficult to deal with anxiety symptoms. For those with phobias, this may be considered its own symptom of the phobia. But if you experience anxiety so strong over the idea of encountering your phobia, your psychologist may want to consider it a separate disorder. Getting a Fear of Having a New Phobia Of course, much rarer would be a fear of developing a phobia. This is likely more common in those with many phobias that seem to develop them quickly. They may start to believe or fear that they are destined for another phobia, thus causing them intense anxiety. This is of course much less common. You Can Fear Anything Phobias are often not something a person can control, and no matter how irrational a fear may be, it's usually difficult for someone's own willpower to overcome it. Those with phobias often know they're irrational, but can't control the fear. But the good news is that nearly all phobias can be cured, so you do not have to live with these symptoms forever. I've helped thousands of people overcome their anxiety and phobias starting with my free 7 minute anxiety test. Take the test now to learn more about your own anxiety and what you can do to cure it.",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; For what crime was Al Capone finally convicted?",
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"content": "Capone goes to prison - Oct 17, 1931 - HISTORY.com Capone goes to prison Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1931, gangster Al Capone is sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion and fined $80,000, signaling the downfall of one of the most notorious criminals of the 1920s and 1930s. Alphonse Gabriel Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1899 to Italian immigrants. He was expelled from school at 14, joined a gang and earned his nickname “Scarface” after being sliced across the cheek during a fight. By 1920, Capone had moved to Chicago, where he was soon helping to run crime boss Johnny Torrio’s illegal enterprises, which included alcohol-smuggling, gambling and prostitution. Torrio retired in 1925 after an attempt on his life and Capone, known for his cunning and brutality, was put in charge of the organization. Prohibition, which outlawed the brewing and distribution of alcohol and lasted from 1920 to 1933, proved extremely lucrative for bootleggers and gangsters like Capone, who raked in millions from his underworld activities. Capone was at the top of the F.B.I.’s “Most Wanted” list by 1930, but he avoided long stints in jail until 1931 by bribing city officials, intimidating witnesses and maintaining various hideouts. He became Chicago’s crime kingpin by wiping out his competitors through a series of gangland battles and slayings, including the infamous St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929, when Capone’s men gunned down seven rivals. This event helped raise Capone’s notoriety to a national level. Among Capone’s enemies was federal agent Elliot Ness, who led a team of officers known as “The Untouchables” because they couldn’t be corrupted. Ness and his men routinely broke up Capone’s bootlegging businesses, but it was tax-evasion charges that finally stuck and landed Capone in prison in 1931. Capone began serving his time at the U.S. Penitentiary in Atlanta, but amid accusations that he was manipulating the system and receiving cushy treatment, he was transferred to the maximum-security lockup at Alcatraz Island, in California’s San Francisco Bay. He got out early in 1939 for good behavior, after spending his final year in prison in a hospital, suffering from syphilis. Plagued by health problems for the rest of his life, Capone died in 1947 at age 48 at his home in Palm Island, Florida. Related Videos",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The beef cut called brisket comes from where on the animal?",
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"content": "What part of the cow does brisket come from? | Reference.com What part of the cow does brisket come from? A: Quick Answer Brisket is cut from the underside of the cow near the chest area. This part of the cow is tough because of the high collagen and fat content. Full Answer Brisket comes in two cuts: the flat and the point. These can be purchased undivided or separate. It also comes in trimmed or untrimmed. Untrimmed has a layer of fat on top and a strip of fat running through the middle. Untrimmed, undivided brisket is referred to as a \"packer's cut.\" Despite coming from one of the toughest parts of the cow, it is the collagen content that gives smoked brisket its flavor. Collagen cooks down into gelatin slowly at low temperatures. To keep the brisket moist during cooking, choose a piece with good marbling.",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the oldest living species of tree?",
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"content": "6 of the Oldest Trees in the World | Mental Floss 6 of the Oldest Trees in the World Joe Burbank/MCT/Landov Like us on Facebook Roughly 3,500 years ago—right about the time the Ancient Phoenicians were hitting their stride—a tiny cypress tree, no bigger than a fist, sprouted in the swamplands of Central Florida. 3,500 years later, in 2012, that very same cypress burned to the ground. Known as “The Senator,” this majestic, 118-foot tall tree was one of the oldest organisms in the world. Over the course of its long life, it survived hurricanes, disease and logging sprees, serving as a landmark for Seminole Indians, a tourist attraction for curious Victorians, and a spiritual epicenter for pilgrims hoping to bask, literally, in the shade of history. Investigators later charged a 26-year-old woman with setting the fire . Here are some of the world’s oldest and most amazing trees that remain. 1. Old Tjikko (Sweden) Karl Brodowsky /Wikimedia Commons The world’s oldest known living tree sprouted sometime during the last Ice Age, roughly 9,550 years ago. This 16-foot spruce in the Dalarna province of Sweden may look more like a Charlie Brown Christmas Tree, but don’t be fooled: this little guy’s root system got started back when the British Isles were still connected to Europe by an ice bridge. According to Wired , geologist Leif Kullman, who discovered the tree, named it after his dead dog. 2. Methuselah (California) Oke /Wikimedia Commons Methuselah, a bristlecone pine tree from California’s White Mountains, is thought to be almost 5,000 years old—and the oldest non-clonal tree in the world. The exact location of the gnarled, twisted Methuselah is a Forest Service secret, for its protection (that might not be it above). In 1964, a slightly older tree by the name of Prometheus was accidentally felled by a scientist who didn’t realize the tree was as old as it was. 3. Llangernyw (North Wales) Emgaol /Wikimedia Commons Llangernyw, a lush, 4,000-year-old yew tree, was inducted into a list of 50 Great British Trees by the UK Tree Council in 2002, which, as far as tree honors are concerned, is a pretty big deal. Llangernyw was planted in what is now a North Wales churchyard way back when the Egyptian Pyramids were still considered a new development. 4. Zoroastrian Sarv (Iran) The Zoroastrian Sarv, a tree in central Iran, is an Iranian National Monument. The 4,000-year-old cypress took root right about the time ancient people in Central Asia were inventing wheels with spokes, and over the course of its long life, witnessed the advent of modern human civilization. 5. Fitzroya Cupressoides (Chile) © Galen Rowell/CORBIS Fitzroya Cupressoides, a type of tall, skinny evergreen in the Andes Mountains, are some of the oldest trees in the world. Known commonly as the Alerce, many of these soaring evergreens have been logged in the last two hundred years, but scientists have been tracking and protecting one specific tree, which is thought to be more than 3,600 years old. 6. The Tree of One Hundred Horses (Sicily) LuckyLisp /Wikimedia Commons The Tree of One Hundred Horses, this enormous chestnut near the Mount Etna volcano in Sicily, is thought to be between 2,000 and 4,000 years old. Its inimitable name comes from an old legend where 100 drenched knights and their sopping steeds sought refuge from a thunderstorm beneath the tree’s protective branches. It’s almost believable: This truly massive tree holds the world record for girth, clocking in at 190 feet in circumference—nearly the length of a hockey rink. This post originally appeared in 2012.",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which South American country has land borders with Colombia and Peru?",
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"content": "Americas Americas Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda is located in the \"Heart of the Caribbean\" between the Greater and Lesser Antilles, about 402 kilometers (250 miles) east-southeast of Puerto Rico or 60 kilometers (37.5 miles) north of Guadeloupe. This territory consists of several islands, the largest being Antigua (281 square kilometers, or 108 square miles), Barbuda (161 square kilometers, or 62 square miles), and Redonda (1.6 square kilometers, or 0.5 square miles). Barbados Barbados is an island situated between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela and east of the Windward Island chain. It covers an area of 430 square kilometers (166 square miles), roughly 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC. Brazil Located in South America, Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada, China, and the United States. Brazil has an area of 8,511,965 square kilometers (3,286,482 square miles), extending 4,320 kilometers (2,684 miles) from north to south and 4,328 kilometers (2,689 miles) from east to west, and a total coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 miles). Chile A coastal country located in the southwest region of South America, Chile has an area of 756,950 square kilometers (292,258 square miles) and a total coastline of 6,435 kilometers (3,998 miles). Chile shares its northern border with Peru and its eastern border with Bolivia and Argentina. Colombia Shaped like an odd-looking pear with a thin top, Colombia is located in the northwestern corner of South America, alongside the Caribbean Sea between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the Pacific Ocean between Panama and Ecuador. Colombia has an area of 1,138,903 square kilometers (439,733 square miles) and a total coastline of 3,207 kilometers (1,993 miles) distributed between the Caribbean Sea and North Pacific Ocean. Dominica Dominica is an island located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean. Its total area is 754 square kilometers (291 square miles), making it the largest of the English-speaking Windward Islands, and it is slightly more than 4 times the size of Washington, D.C. Dominican Republic A country occupying the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola (Haiti occupies the western third) between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, the Dominican Republic has an area of 48,730 square kilometers (18,815 square miles), more than twice the size of New Hampshire. It has a total coastline of 1,288 kilometers (800 miles), and a border with Haiti of 275 kilometers (171 miles). Ecuador Located between Colombia and Peru on the west coast of South America, Ecuador has an area of 283,560 square kilometers (176,204 square miles) and a coastline of 2,237 kilometers (1,390 miles). The Galapagos Islands, which rest 960 kilometers (600 miles) to the west of mainland Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean are part of the Republic of Ecuador. Grenada Grenada is an island situated between the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago. Its total area is 340 square kilometers (131 square miles), about twice the size of Washington, D.C., and its coastline measures 121 kilometers (75 miles). Guatemala Located in Central America at the southern tip of Mexico between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, Guatemala has a total area of 108,890 square kilometers (42,042 square miles), slightly smaller than that of the state of Tennessee. Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, and Mexico all share land boundaries with Guatemala that total 1,687 kilometers (1,048 miles) in length, while Guatemala's coastline along the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea totals 400 kilometers (249 miles). Guyana Guyana is situated on the northeast coast of Latin America, along the Atlantic Ocean. It shares a 600-kilometer (373-mile) border with Suriname to the east, a 743-kilometer (462-mile) border with Venezuela to the northwest, and a 1,119-kilometer (695-mile) border with Brazil to the south and southwest. Jamaica The largest English-speaking island in the Caribbean Sea, Jamaica is about 160 kilometers (90 miles) south of Cu",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In an 1890 novel, Basil Hallward paints whose portrait?",
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"content": "SparkNotes: The Picture of Dorian Gray: Character List The Picture of Dorian Gray Oscar Wilde Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Dorian Gray - A radiantly handsome, impressionable, and wealthy young gentleman, whose portrait the artist Basil Hallward paints. Under the influence of Lord Henry Wotton, Dorian becomes extremely concerned with the transience of his beauty and begins to pursue his own pleasure above all else. He devotes himself to having as many experiences as possible, whether moral or immoral, elegant or sordid. Read an in-depth analysis of Dorian Gray. Lord Henry Wotton - A nobleman and a close friend of Basil Hallward. Urbane and witty, Lord Henry is perpetually armed and ready with well-phrased epigrams criticizing the moralism and hypocrisy of Victorian society. His pleasure-seeking philosophy of “new Hedonism,” which espouses garnering experiences that stimulate the senses without regard for conventional morality, plays a vital role in Dorian’s development. Read an in-depth analysis of Lord Henry Wotton. Basil Hallward - An artist, and a friend of Lord Henry. Basil becomes obsessed with Dorian after meeting him at a party. He claims that Dorian possesses a beauty so rare that it has helped him realize a new kind of art; through Dorian, he finds “the lines of a fresh school.” Dorian also helps Basil realize his artistic potential, as the portrait of Dorian that Basil paints proves to be his masterpiece. Read an in-depth analysis of Basil Hallward. Sibyl Vane - A poor, beautiful, and talented actress with whom Dorian falls in love. Sibyl’s love for Dorian compromises her ability to act, as her experience of true love in life makes her realize the falseness of affecting emotions onstage. James Vane - Sibyl’s brother, a sailor bound for Australia. James cares deeply for his sister and worries about her relationship with Dorian. Distrustful of his mother’s motives, he believes that Mrs. Vane’s interest in Dorian’s wealth disables her from properly protecting Sibyl. As a result, James is hesitant to leave his sister. Mrs. Vane - Sibyl and James’s mother. Mrs. Vane is a faded actress who has consigned herself and her daughter to a tawdry theater company, the owner of which has helped her to pay her debts. She conceives of Dorian Gray as a wonderful alliance for her daughter because of his wealth; this ulterior motive, however, clouds her judgment and leaves Sibyl vulnerable. Alan Campbell - Once an intimate friend, Alan Campbell is one of many promising young men who have severed ties with Dorian because of Dorian’s sullied reputation. Lady Agatha - Lord Henry’s aunt. Lady Agatha is active in charity work in the London slums. Lord Fermor - Lord Henry’s irascible uncle. Lord Fermor tells Henry the story of Dorian’s parentage. Duchess of Monmouth - A pretty, bored young noblewoman who flirts with Dorian at his country estate. Victoria Wotton - Lord Henry’s wife. Victoria appears only once in the novel, greeting Dorian as he waits for Lord Henry. She is described as an untidy, foolishly romantic woman with “a perfect mania for going to church.” Victor - Dorian’s servant. Although Victor is a trustworthy servant, Dorian becomes suspicious of him and sends him out on needless errands to ensure that he does not attempt to steal a glance at Dorian’s portrait. Mrs. Leaf - Dorian Gray’s housekeeper. Mrs. Leaf is a bustling older woman who takes her work seriously. More Help",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; By what name is Theodor Geisel better known?",
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"content": "Behind the Name: Meaning, origin and history of the name Theodor USAGE: German , Swedish , Norwegian , Danish , Czech , Romanian Meaning & History German form of THEODORE , as well as a Scandinavian, Czech and Romanian variant of TEODOR . A famous bearer was American children's book creator Theodor Seuss Geisel (1904-1991), better known as Dr. Seuss.",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Steve Martin and Goldie Hawn played an architect and waitress in which 1992 film?",
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"content": "HouseSitter (1992) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Con artist Gwen moves into Newton's empty house without his knowledge, and begins setting up house posing as his new wife. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 48 titles created 10 Jun 2011 a list of 49 titles created 12 Dec 2012 a list of 43 titles created 05 Feb 2013 a list of 43 titles created 13 Aug 2013 a list of 44 titles created 07 Apr 2015 Search for \" HouseSitter \" on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. The remake of the 1970 Neil Simon comedy follows the adventures of a couple, Henry and Nancy Clark, vexed by misfortune while in New York City for a job interview. Director: Sam Weisman A cruel but beautiful heiress screws over a hired carpenter, who later is the first one to find her when she gets amnesia. Looking for a little revenge he convinces her that she's his wife. Director: Garry Marshall A sheltered young high society woman joins the United States Army on a whim and finds herself in a more difficult situation than she ever expected. Director: Howard Zieff Reunited by the death of a college friend, three divorced women seek revenge on the husbands who left them for younger women. Director: Hugh Wilson Based on the play \"Cyrano de Bergerac\", large nosed C.D. Bales falls for the beautiful Roxanne while she falls for his personality but another man's looks. Director: Fred Schepisi An old flame discovers her ex-boyfriend from the past is a relocated FBI informant out to stop the bad guys. Director: John Badham Two con men try to settle their rivalry by betting on who can swindle a young American heiress out of $50,000 first. Director: Frank Oz When a woman learns of an immortality treatment, she sees it as a way to outdo her long-time rival. Director: Robert Zemeckis The Buckmans are a midwestern family all dealing with their lives: estranged relatives, raising children, pressures of the job, and learning to be a good parent and spouse. Director: Ron Howard With the help of a talking freeway billboard, a \"wacky weatherman\" tries to win the heart of an English newspaper reporter, who is struggling to make sense of the strange world of early-90s Los Angeles. Director: Mick Jackson The US needs to convince the visiting emir Khala'ad of Othar to allow an American military base in his strategic realm. Clueless nightclub waitress Sunny Ann Davis accidentally spots and ... See full summary » Director: Herbert Ross Sgt. Bilko is in charge of the Motor Pool at an Army base. He's also a good-natured con man, providing gambling facilities for the soldiers on base. When an old enemy from his past shows up... See full summary » Director: Jonathan Lynn Edit Storyline Davis builds his dream house and presents it to Becky with a proposal of marriage. She turns him down. He leaves the house, still with a ribbon running around it and returns to the city, terribly smitten with Becky. He meets Gwen who has an interesting relationship with the truth. He spends the night with her, but leaves while she is sleeping. She takes his description of the house, searches it out, and moves in. The residents of Davis' home town become curious and she invents a marriage, a courtship, and and an entire history. Davis' parents meet Gwen and are immediately taken with her. By the time Davis finds out what has happened, 2 things have happened, the whole town thinks he's married, and Becky tells him that Gwen has made her see him in a whole new light. Gwen and Davis agree that she can pretend to be his wife and get free rent while Davis works on Becky until they can announce a divorce. The trouble is that no one in the town wants them to separate and keep trying to help ... Written by John Vogel <jlvogel@comcast.net> Steve Martin also plays an architect in",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What became the name of the crime in which eleven thieves stole more than $2 million in a heist in Boston, Massachusetts, in January 1950?",
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"content": "The Great Brinks Robbery - 1950 Crime Magazine by Michael Thomas Barry On January 17, 1950, a team of eleven thieves, in a precisely timed and choreographed strike, steals more than $2 million from the Brinks Armored Car depot in Boston, Massachusetts. The Great Brinks Robbery, as it quickly became known, was the almost perfect crime. Ironically, only days before the statute of limitations were set to expire on the crime, the culprits were finally caught. Tony Pino, a lifelong criminal, was the mastermind behind the audacious theft. Together with Joe McGinnis, he assembled a group that meticulously planned the heist. They staked out the depot for a year and a half to figure out when it was holding the most money. Then, the gang stole the plans for the depot's alarm system and returned them before anyone noticed that they were missing. The criminal team held repeated rehearsals, with each man wearing blue coats and Halloween masks. On January 17th, they finally put their plan into action. Inside the counting room, the gang surprised the guards and tied up the employees. Multiple canvas bags, weighing more than half a ton, were filled with cash, coins, checks, and money orders. Within 30 minutes, the Brinks robbery team was gone, taking $2.7 million with them. Following the heist, the gang met and split the proceeds and all agreed to stay out of trouble for six years. They almost made it. However, one of the men, Specs O'Keefe, left his share with another member because he had to serve a prison sentence for another crime. O'Keefe, worried that he would be cheated out of his money, and indicated that he might begin to talk about the heist. The others decided to send a hit man to kill O'Keefe but he was only wounded, and the assassin was caught. O'Keefe made a deal with police and testified against the others. Eight participants in the Great Brinks Robbery were caught and convicted. However, only a small part of the money was ever recovered. Visit Michael Thomas Barry’s official author website – www.michaelthomasbarry.com and order his true crime book, Murder and Mayhem 52 Crimes that Shocked Early California 1849-1949, from Amazon or Barnes and Noble through the following links:",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; According to the legend, in which city did the Pied Piper lure all the children away?",
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"content": "Pied Piper of Hameln The River Weser, deep and wide, Washes its wall on the southern side; A pleasanter spot you never spied; But, when begins my ditty, Almost five hundred years ago, To see townsfolk suffer so From vermin, was a pity. Rats! They fought the dogs, and killed the cats, And bit the babies in the cradles, And ate the cheeses out of the vats, And licked the soup from the cook's own ladles, Split open the kegs of salted sprats, Made nests inside men's Sunday hats, And even spoiled the women's chats, By drowning their speaking In fifty different sharps and flats. At last the people in a body To the Town Hall came flocking: \"'Tis clear,\" cried they, \"our Mayor's a noddy; And as for our Corporation -- shocking To think we buy gowns lined with ermine For dolts that can't or won't determine What's best to rid us of our vermin! You hope, because you're old and obese, To find in the furry civic robe ease? Rouse up, sirs! Give your brains a racking To find the remedy we're lacking, Or, sure as fate, we'll send you packing!\" At this the Mayor and Corporation Quaked with a mighty consternation. An hour they sate in council, At length the Mayor broke silence: \"For a guilder I'd my ermine gown sell, I wish I were a mile hence! It's easy to bid one rack one's brain -- I'm sure my poor head aches again I've scratched it so, and all in vain. Oh for a trap, a trap, a trap!\" Just as he said this, what should hap At the chamber-door but a gentle tap? \"Bless us,\" cried the Mayor, \"What's that?\" (With the Corporation as he sat, Looking little though wondrous fat; Nor brighter was his eye, nor moister Than a too-long-opened oyster, Save when at noon his paunch grew mutinous For a plate of turtle, green and glutinous.) \"Only a scraping of shoes on the mat? Anything like the sound of a rat Makes my heart go pit-a-pat!\" \"Come in!\" -- the Mayor cried, looking bigger: And in did come the strangest figure! His queer long coat from heel to head Was half of yellow and half of red; And he himself was tall and thin, With sharp blue eyes, each like a pin, And light loose hair, yet swarthy skin, No tuft on cheek nor beard on chin, But lips where smiles went out and in -- There was no guessing his kith and kin! And nobody could enough admire The tall man and his quaint attire. Quoth one: \"It's as my great-grandsire, Starting up at the Trump of Doom's tone, Had walked this way from his painted tombstone!\" He advanced to the council-table: And, \"Please your honors,\" said he, \"I'm able, By means of a secret charm, to draw All creatures living beneath the sun, That creep, or swim, or fly, or run, After me so as you never saw! And I chiefly use my charm On creatures that do people harm, The mole, and toad, and newt, and viper; And people call me the Pied Piper.\" (And here they noticed round his neck A scarf of red and yellow stripe, To match with his coat of selfsame cheque; And at the scarf's end hung a pipe; And his fingers, they noticed, were ever straying As if impatient to be playing Upon this pipe, as low it dangled Over his vesture, so old-fangled.) \"Yet,\" said he \"poor piper as I am, In Tartary I freed the Cham, Last June, from his huge swarms of gnats; I eased in Asia the Nizam Of a monstrous brood of vampire-bats: And, as for what your brain bewilders, If I can rid your town of rats Will you give me a thousand guilders?\" \"One? fifty thousand!\" -- was the exclamation Of the astonished Mayor and Corporation. Into the street the Piper stept, Smiling first a little smile, As if he knew what magic slept In his quiet pipe the while; Then, like a musical adept, To blow the pipe his lips he wrinkled, And green and blue his sharp eyes twinkled Like a candle flame where salt is sprinkled; And ere three shrill notes the pipe uttered, You heard as if an army muttered; And the muttering grew to a grumbling; And the grumbling grew to a mighty rumbling; And out of the houses the rats came tumbling: Great rats, small rats, lean rats, brawny rats, Brown rats, black rats, grey rats, tawny rats, Grave old plodders, gay young friskers, Fathers, mothers, uncl",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Before entering government, Neville Chamberlain was lord mayor of which city ?",
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"content": "Neville Chamberlain - Prime Minister, Government Official, Mayor - Biography.com Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain was the British prime minister as Great Britain entered World War II. He is known for his policy of \"appeasement\" toward Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany. IN THESE GROUPS “I believe it is peace for our time ... peace with honour.” Neville Chamberlain Synopsis Neville Chamberlain was born on March 18, 1869, in Birmingham, England. He served as British prime minister from 1937 to 1940, and is best known for his policy of \"appeasement\" toward Adolf Hitler's Germany. He signed the Munich Agreement in 1938, relinquishing a region of Czechoslovakia to the Nazis. In 1939, Britain declared war on Germany. Chamberlain, who had lost political support, resigned in 1940 and died a few months later. Early Life Born in Birmingham, England, on March 18, 1869, Arthur Neville Chamberlain served as his country's leader in the years leading up to World War II and the early days of the war itself, and is best remembered for his policy of appeasement with Nazi Germany. His father, Joseph Chamberlain, was a successful businessman who held several government posts, including as mayor of Birmingham for a time. Neville Chamberlain had three sisters, Ethel, Ida and Hilda, as well as two older half-siblings, Beatrice and Austen, from his father's first marriage. He attended the Rugby School and then Mason College (now University of Birmingham). At the age of 21, Chamberlain went to the Bahamas to manage an estate there for several years. That business venture ultimately failed, but he had proven himself as a talented manager and businessman. Chamberlain found success in business after returning to England. Leading Political Figure In 1911, Neville Chamberlain won election to the Birmingham City Council—his first political post. He married Anne Vere Cole that same year, and the couple eventually had two children together, Dorothy and Francis. Chamberlain became Birmingham's lord mayor in 1915. Before long, he became a figure on the national political scene. Chamberlain won election to the House of Commons in 1918 as a member of the Conservative Party. He went on to serve as postmaster general and minister of health. In the mid-1920s, Chamberlain and his half-brother, Austen, both served on Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin's cabinet. In 1930, during a period of infighting among members of the Conservative Party, Chamberlain briefly became party chairman, until Stanley Baldwin regained control. He then used his talents for economics and business matters as chancellor of the exchequer. For six years, Chamberlain oversaw the country's financial policies. British Prime Minister Chamberlain became Britain's prime minister in 1937. Some of his early efforts focused on improving the lives of workers. The Factories Act of 1937 restricted the number of hours that children and women worked. The following year, Chamberlain supported the Holiday with Pay Act, which gave workers a week off with pay. However, his work on the domestic front was quickly overshadowed by growing foreign relations issues. Rather than challenge acts of aggression by Nazi Germany, Chamberlain sought ways to pacify Adolf Hitler. Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact in 1938, which gave parts of Czechoslovakia to Germany. Some have speculated that his desire to keep the peace was somewhat driven by Britain being outmatched by Germany's military at the time. Chamberlain seemed to have underestimated Hitler's ambitions. In March 1939, Hitler violated the Munich Pact by invading Czechoslovakia. Britain and France agreed to protect Poland later that month. After Hitler's forces entered Poland that September, Chamberlain officially declared war on Germany; this declaration came shortly after the invasion, but his slight delay in making this announcement negatively impacted Chamberlain's popularity. While he saw Britain through the early days of the war, Chamberlain found himself on the political decline. He resigned on May 10, 1940, and was succeeded by Winston Churchill as prime min",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which drug can be found in tonic water?",
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"content": "Is Quinine in Tonic Water Safe? - The People's Pharmacy Loading... Is Quinine in Tonic Water Safe? The pros and cons of quinine make tonic water a challenging choice for many people in their fight against leg cramps. What else works for muscle cramps? Terry Graedon The People's Pharmacy October 11, 2010 Alternative Health 200 Comments Quinine is bitter. It gives tonic water a distinctive flavor. Not that long ago you could buy quinine pills over the counter in most pharmacies under brand names like Legatrin, Quinamm and Q-vel. But the Food and Drug Administration banned the use of OTC quinine to treat leg cramps in 1994. Although this drug has been available for centuries, the FDA has determined that it is far too dangerous to use for anything but malaria. See this link for more information on the ban. Quinine Dangers The trouble is that some people are extremely sensitive to quinine’s toxic effects. This drug can cause headache, rash, ringing in the ears, nausea, dizziness and blurred vision. The most serious reactions are rare but can be life threatening. Blood disorders can lead to hemorrhaging. Dozens of hospitalizations and two deaths are linked to the drug. The FDA ordered drug companies to stop selling quinine for anything but malaria in 2007. Only one product was allowed. Qualaquin can be prescribed by physicians but the cost is high. One pill of Qualaquin could cost over $6. That could make sense for a drug to treat malaria, which is rare in the US. Muscle cramps are anything but rare. Any physician who prescribes Qualaquin for leg cramps could risk the wrath of the FDA. On July 8, 2010, the agency issued the following warning. “The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today warned that the unapproved use of the malaria drug Qualaquin (quinine sulfate) to treat night time leg cramps has resulted in serious side effects and prompted the manufacturer to develop a risk management plan aimed at educating health care professionals and patients about the potential risks. “Qualaquin is not FDA-approved to treat or prevent night time leg cramps. “A review of reports submitted to the FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) between April 2005 and Oct. 1, 2008, found 38 U.S. cases of serious side effects associated with the use of quinine, the active drug in Qualaquin. “Quinine use resulted in serious and life-threatening reactions in 24 cases, including low level of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), and hemolytic uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, a blood disorder that results in clots in small blood vessels around the body that can be accompanied by kidney impairment. “In some patients, these side effects resulted in permanent kidney impairment and hospitalization. Two patients died. Most of those reporting serious side effects took the drug to prevent or treat leg cramps or restless leg syndrome.” What about Tonic Water? Clearly, quinine can be dangerous for certain people, but the FDA has not banned quinine from tonic water. To do so would make the FDA a laughing stock. It would also aggravate millions of people who like gin and tonic…or just plain tonic. It is an acquired taste, but some people really like it. It’s also possible that the FDA doesn’t consider tonic water a danger to public health. Because of this loophole, many people have discovered that drinking tonic water can help prevent muscle cramps. One reader related her experience: “I suffered with nightly leg cramps until one magic day on the Greek island Santorini. I had gone on tour as a guest singer of the New York Choral Society. One free afternoon, a group of us went to a black sand beach where I swam. The only other member of the group who also swam was a New York trauma surgeon. I developed a cramp and was trying to walk it out when he told me about Schweppes tonic, which contains a very small amount of quinine. “I couldn’t find any tonic on Santorini or in Athens, but as soon as I returned home I started drinking a large glass (diet, with cranberry) every night. It has worked for me for several years, but I definitely know",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who played the part of the cook 'Mrs Bridges', in the TV series 'Upstairs, Downstairs'?",
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"content": "\"Upstairs, Downstairs\" Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb trailers and videos full cast and crew trivia official sites memorable quotes Overview 66 out of 68 people found the following review useful: Goosey goosey gander, wither shall I wander? Upstairs anddownstairs and in my lady's chamber... from London 3 July 2001 It is a widely held belief that Upstairs Downstairs was television at its finest, and the most popular tv drama in the world. But why precisely is so good? It is almost entirely studio bound and looks like it should be just another worthy but squeaky clean period drama. This is why it is very hard to convince anyone unfamiliar with the series of why it is so special. But John Hawkesworth, the producer, believed television was electronic theatre, not second rate film, and this allows the stories to concentrate on words, emotions and intense acting. The grittiness of the series, the performances and its skill at depicting human emotions were its chief assets. Gordon Jackson's magnificent character performance as Hudson is a display of a modest, warm actor who made a character who stood for all he disliked totally loveable. David Langton's charming, liberal Richard Bellamy was a far less snobbish and severe man than his butler, but his first wife, the statuesque Lady Marjorie certainly made up for him. Simon Williams' portrayal of Lord Lucan lookalike James Bellamy showed real development over the years, the haughty, caddish son who is changed forever by the war and plays his final episode \"All The King's Horses\" nothing short of brilliantly. Lesley Anne-Down and Jacqueline Tong's introduction, the Christmas story \"Goodwill To All Men\" in many ways sums the series up, combining a devastating look at the London poor with the escapist charm of a traditional Edwardian Christmas, leading to a bittersweet conclusion offering an idyllic scene of Georgina being giving her presents as the snow falls outside, just after her grandmother's wise observation that her outing to help the needy was more out of a need for adventure than real charity. If the first season was the series finding its feet and the second was it settling down to more of the same, the third season is the oddest of them all. It reflects a period of change both in pre-war Britain and behind the scenes, as Elizabeth and Lady Marjorie were both written out at the actors' requests. This leaves the upstairs structure of the house unsettled, and the series is dark and sombre, as James' doomed marriage and Richard's bereavement make the house seem a far cry from the high society gatherings and royal dinners of the early seasons. Although the fourth series, which depicts the war years so powerfully is considered the best, I would personally dispute this. Good as it is, what is most interestiung is the fifth series, as Britain's social structure is collapsing, and the full impact of the war is felt. The roarring twenties try to blot out the horrors of the trenches but leave James and many like him haunted, directionless, forgotten and despairing. The fifth series also introduces a new wife for Richard in the form of the delectable Hannah Gordon. Her interpretation of Virginia is a joy to watch; beautiful, witty and poetic. The daring storylines provide all the characters with moments to shine in, from Lady Marjorie's adultery in the excellent \"Magic Casements\" which deals unconventionally with an age-old theme, to the heartbreaking \"I Dies From Love\" which details the suicide of a kitchen maid. The sexual attitudes of the day were explored in \"A Suitable Marriage\", the bleak \"A Cry For Help\" and the astonishing \"Whom God Hath Joined.\" Some of the wildest plotlines should not have worked but did, such as Hudson's hopeless affair with a parlour maid in \"Disillusion\" and Mrs Bridges' breakdown in \"Why Is Her Door Locked?\" There are really only two unsuccessful episodes of the entire sixty eight, but many masterpieces. \"The Glorious Dead\" and \"Another Year\" are devastating essays on the tragedies of the war, and \"Distant Thunder\" is a superbly claustrophobic episode, a",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who won the FIFA World Cup for Association Football in Germany in 2006?",
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"content": "2006 FIFA World Cup | Football Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia 2006 FIFA World Cup Share Cup stub This article about 2006 FIFA World Cup is a stub , an article too short to provide more than rudimentary information about a subject. You can help The Football Wiki by expanding it . 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 → The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football world championship tournament. It was held from 9 June to 9 July 2006 in Germany, which won the right to host the event in July 2000. Teams representing 198 national football associations from all six populated continents participated in the qualification process which began in September 2003. Thirty-one teams qualified from this process, along with the host nation, Germany , for the finals tournament. Italy won the tournament, claiming their fourth World Cup title. They defeated France 5–3 in a penalty shootout in the final, after extra time had finished in a 1–1 draw. Germany defeated Portugal 3–1 to finish in third place. Angola, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Serbia & Montenegro, Trinidad & Tobago and Togo made their first appearances in the finals. The 2006 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in television history, garnering an estimated 26.29 billion non-unique viewers, compiled over the course of the tournament. The final attracted an estimated audience of 715.1 million people. The 2006 World Cup ranks fourth in non-unique viewers, behind the World Cup in 1994 , 2002 , and 1990 . As the winner, Italy represented the World in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup . Contents – – The success of Germany's bid was marred by a hoax bribery affair which even led to calls for a re-vote. On the night before the vote, German satirical magazine Titanic sent letters to FIFA representatives, offering joke gifts like cuckoo clocks and Black Forest ham in exchange for their vote for Germany. Oceania delegate Charlie Dempsey, who had initially backed England, had then been instructed to support South Africa following England's elimination. He abstained, citing \"intolerable pressure\" on the eve of the vote. Had Dempsey voted as originally instructed, the vote would have resulted with a 12–12 tie, and FIFA president Sepp Blatter , who favoured the South African bid, would have had to cast the deciding vote. Qualification Main article: 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 198 teams attempted to qualify for the 2006 World Cup. Germany, the host nation, was granted automatic qualification, with the remaining 31 finals places divided among the continental confederations. Thirteen places were contested by UEFA teams (Europe), five by CAF teams (Africa), four by CONMEBOL teams (South America), four by AFC teams (Asia), and three by CONCACAF teams (North and Central America and Caribbean). The remaining two places were decided by playoffs between AFC and CONCACAF and between CONMEBOL and OFC (Oceania). Eight nations qualified for the finals for the first time: Angola , Czech Republic , Ghana , Ivory Coast , Togo , Trinidad and Tobago , Ukraine , and Serbia and Montenegro . Czech Republic and Ukraine were making their first appearance as independent nations, but had previously been represented as part of Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union respectively; Serbia and Montenegro had competed as Yugoslavia in 1998, as well as making up part of Yugoslav teams from 1930 to 1990. As of 2014, this was the last time Tunisia , Saudi Arabia , Togo, Angola, Czech Republic, Poland , Ukraine and Trinidad and Tobago qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals. Australia qualified for the first time since 1974. Among the teams who failed to qualify were 2002 third-placed team Turkey and Euro 2004 winners Greece . Additionally, Belgium failed to qualify for the first time since 1978, and Cameroon failed to qualify for the first time since 1986. For the first time since the 1982 World Cup, all six confederations were represented at the finals tournament. List of qualified teams Countries that did not enter World Cup Country not a FIFA member Venues In 2006, Germany had a",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the name of the two handled vaulting horse used in gymnastics",
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"content": "History of Gymnastics | iSport.com History of Gymnastics History of Gymnastics Gymnastics is one of the most popular Olympic sports. It combines grace, beauty, athleticism, and strength in a thrilling display of competition that has captivated fans since the debut of the modern Olympic Games. Soldier Requirement Gymnastics formally originated in ancient Greece, where it was used by soldiers to get ready for war. The skills and strength needed to perform gymnastic moves-running, jumping, tumbling, mounting and dismounting horses-were all thought to be great assets to those battling on the war field. As a result, gymnastics became a vital component of Greek education. It was mandatory for all students to practice the sport and eventually the gymnasiums developed into schools where gymnastics, music, and mathematics were all taught and perfected. And as the Roman Empire gained power and ascended to the Greek peninsula, Greek gymnastics evolved into nothing more than glorified military training. This tradition continued across centuries and continents. In the early 19th century, the United States Military began adopting gymnastics for their own training programs. By the 20th century, the US Army had a mandatory list of drills for soldiers to practice, a culmination of gymnastic maneuvers targeted to build muscles and strengthen active young men. In the beginning of the 20th century, however, militaries around the world began to focus on a different kind of strength-advanced technology, equipment and arsenals of weaponry. As a result, gymnastics lost its power as a military training tool and eventually became a respected sport in its own right. Modern Day Apparatus is Born The sport of modern gymnastics really began to develop in the late 18th to early 19th centuries. During this time, two physical educators named Johann Friedrich GutsMuth and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, designed the now familiar apparatuses like the horizontal bar, parallel bars, side horse with pommels, balance beam, and vaulting horse. Boys were taught how to perform specific activities on each different apparatus and with such technique specification, the sport of gymnastics was born. For this reason, Freidrich Jahn is known as the \"father of gymnastics.\" In the 1920s, women could only compete in synchronized calisthenics. It wasn't until 1952 that all women were eligible to compete in a wider variety of gymnastic events. The International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) formed in 1891 and five years later, gymnastics was included in the first modern Olympic Games, where Germany dominated and took home almost every medal in the competition. Women first started participating in gymnastic events in the 1920s and were first included in the Olympics in the 1928 Games held in Amsterdam. Gymnastics is Standardized In 1954, the sport was standardized to regulate the different events and apparatuses for women and men. Men's gymnastics was set to include both individual and team events with the following apparatuses: Floor, horizontal bar, parallel bars, still rings, pommel horse, and vault. Women were allowed to compete in four events as individuals and as a team: Vault, balance beam, uneven parallel bars, and floor. The ten to one scoring system was also introduced that same year and by 1955, modern gymnastics had become the sport we recognize today. In 1962, rhythmic gymnastics was recognized by FIG as a legal competition. However, it wasn't until the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles that it officially became an Olympic event. Trampoline was added as an official Olympic sport in the 2000 Sydney Games. Both rhythmic gymnastics and trampoline fall under the athletic umbrella of gymnastics. The Perfect 10 For years, the sport of gymnastics was considered a strength sport for men and a grace sport for women-men would score high for their extreme power and physicality, and women would score high for their grace and artistic flourish. In 1972, however, that double standard changed when a 17-year old Soviet gymnast named Olga Korbut burst onto the gymnastic scene. She was the",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What sport uses a mallet and wickets?",
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"content": "United States Croquet Association — Rules Figure 1: Court Setup The Court A backyard croquet court doesn't have to be a perfectly manicured lawn, but short grass provides the best playing surface. If you have room, the official full-size court is a rectangle, 100 feet long by 50 feet wide. For backyard play you can adjust the size and shape of the court to fit the available space. Use string or chalk to mark definite boundaries if you choose, or just mark the corners with flags or stakes. The Wickets and Stakes The nine wickets and two stakes are arranged in a double-diamond pattern as shown in the diagram. If you are playing on a smaller court, the distances shown should be scaled down in proportion to the length and width of the court. The wickets should be firmly planted in the ground, and the width of the wickets should be uniform throughout the court. The Balls For a two- or four-player, two-sided game, you need four balls. The colors usually used are blue, red, black, and yellow. One side (with one or two players) plays with blue and black, and the other with red and yellow. For a six-player team game, you need six balls. In team play, one side plays blue, black, and green, and the other side plays red, yellow, and orange. In \"one-ball\" games, you need one ball per player. The Mallets Each player uses a mallet. Only the striking (end) face may be used to strike a ball, unless the players have agreed to allow the use of \"side\" shots or other shot-making variations. Optional Accessories You can use colored clips or clothespins to mark the next wicket your ball must go through. The clip is picked up when a wicket is scored, then placed on the ball's next wicket at the end of the turn. You can use string or \"chalk\" to mark boundaries of the court, or just designate \"off the grass\" as a boundary. Object of the game The object of the game is to advance your ball through the course scoring points for each wicket and stake in the correct order and direction. The winner is the first side to score 14 wicket points and 2 stake points for each of its balls. In a timed game if the time expires, the team with the most points at the end of the time period wins. The players take turns, and only one plays at a time. At the beginning of a turn the player (called the \"striker\") has one shot. After that shot the turn ends, unless a bonus shot is earned by scoring a wicket or stake or by hitting another ball. The turn ends when the player has no more bonus shots to play or has finished the course by scoring the finishing stake. The striker may directly hit with the mallet only the ball he or she is playing in that turn (the \"striker ball\"). A has not started to score the wicket. B has started to score the wicket. C has not scored the wicket. D has scored the wicket. Scoring Wicket and Stake Points Each ball can score wicket and stake points for its side only by going through a wicket or hitting a stake in the proper order and direction. Going through a wicket out of order or in the wrong direction is not counted as a point gained or lost. A ball caused to score its wicket or stake during another ball’s turn earns the point for its side, but no bonus shot is earned as a result. A ball scores a wicket point only if it comes to rest clear of the playing side of the wicket. If a ball passes through a wicket but rolls back, it has not scored the wicket. If a ball travels backwards through its wicket to get position, it must be clear of the non-playing side to then score the wicket in the correct direction. Because wickets can be loose in the ground, it’s best not to run the side if the mallet head up or down either plane of the wicket. It’s always better to use your judgement sighting by eye. Bonus shots The striker earns one bonus shot if the striker ball scores a wicket or hits the turning stake. The striker earns two bonus shots if the striker ball hits another ball (a \"roquet\"). You are “dead” on a ball for extra shots until you clear your next wicket or on the start of your next turn which",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which North Wales town is included in the name of a pop star who had a Number One hit with It's Only Make Believe in 1958?",
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"content": "It's Behind You - Popstars in Panto! Popstars in Panto! In 2011 Rapper and Pop Star Vanilla Ice appeared in pantomime as Captain Hook. This year also found Tony � Amarillo Windsor . As with everything Pantomime, there is nothing new in having a music celebrity star in the show. The convention goes back a good fifty odd years at the very least. The 1960�s saw a new wave of panto performers- The Pop Singer. The Flagship of British Pantomime at that time, The London Palladium had heralded the rise of the Male Principal Boy as Pop Singer- a trend that swept theatres around the UK . Rock and Roll might be competition for Variety, but Pantomime quickly embraced it and showcased it within its variety based format. The Age Of The Pop Star Panto was here to stay throughout the �Swinging 60�s and in to the Seventies.- and beyond. The Palladium Pantomimes - Rise of the Pop Idol in Panto. An early Palladium panto starring a recording artist was in 1957. David Whitfield: The 1950�s Singing Star appeared in Robinson Crusoe at the Palladium 1957 opposite Tommy Cooper and Arthur Askey with Patricia Perkins and Joseph Layode. He made several other pantomime appearances during his career. Teddy Johnson replaced him in rehearsals for The Alex Birmingham shortly before teaming up with Pearl Carr. Fifties singer Joan Regan�s career took her pre pop to the Beatles and beyond. Joan Regan- Joan starred in �Puss In Boots� at The London Palladium in 1962 alongside recording star Frankie Vaughan and comedian Dick Emery. Frankie Vaughan was the current pop idol of that age, and Joan was an established recording star. Joan also appeared in Liverpool at the Empire theatre alongside rising new star Lynda Barron- this was either 1956 or 1958. Joan Regan (born in Romford 1928) is still making the occasional performance to this day- I had the pleasure of working with her in a Music Hall a few years ago- her voice is as strong today as it was when she began her recording career in 1953. Her hit records included �I�ll Walk Alone� and �Too Young� which got her a recording contract through Delfont for Decca Records, and later for Pye Records. Resident singer for the BBC she had her own Television series called �Be My Guest�, as well as a record career, Royal Command performances and variety. She appeared in the film of �6.5 Special� alongside the newly minted Rock and pop stars Lonnie Donegan, The John Barry Seven, Jim Dale and Petula Clark. �Somebody else�s Roses�, �Ricochet� and �Happy Anniversary� were further hits- her most popular being �May You Always� in 1958 for EMI�s HMV Label. Joan Regan married Harry Claff the joint manager of the Palladium five years before starring in panto there- and, after Claff was jailed for fraud, of which Regan was unaware of, she divorced her husband, and suffered a breakdown. She lived in America from 1968 continuing to make records and returned to the UK in the 1990�s. Frankie Vaughan- Born Frank Abelson in Liverpool, �Mr Moonlight�, Frankie Vaughan recorded for Decca (1950) with a hit �Daddy�s Little Girl�, and for HMV (1952) and with trademark Top Hat and Cane for Philips from 1955 �Tweedle Dee� one of the 22 hits he created in the top 40 for this label. Early films included �Wonderful Things� and �The Lady�s A Square� co-starring with Anna Neagle. Frankie Vaughan�s hits include �Seventeen�, �Green Door�, �Tower Of Strength� and �Give Me The Moonlight� which became his high kicking signature tune. He appeared at the Copacabana in New York, had a hit in the American Charts with �Judy� (1957) and Frankie really did go to Hollywood- he made a film with Marilyn Monroe- called �Let�s Make Love� His Palladium Pantomime was �Puss In Boots� with 50�s and 60�s singing star Joan Regan, Dick Emery as �Puss�, Jimmy Edwards, Mike & Bernie Winters and Gillian Lynne- Gillian became one of the top choreographers in Musical Theatre, and created the staging for �Cats� at The New London Theatre. Cliff Richard and The Shadows. Cli",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What nationality was the only non-Australian, US or Swedish man to win the Wimbledon Singles title in the 1970's?",
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"content": "Winners and Runner-ups of Wimbledon | The Tennis Freaks Share Your Thoughts In Wimbledon Championships, 2015 final Novak Djokovic defeated Roger Federer 7-6. 6-7. 6-4, 6-3 to claim his third Wimbledon title and ninth Grand Slam title overall. By lifting the title, Djokovic has tied the number of Wimbledon trophies won with his coach Boris Becker. Serena Williams beat Garbine Muguruza 6-4, 6-4 in ladies’ singles final match to win her third Grand Slam title of the year. Jean-Julyien Rojer and Horia Tecau lifted the trophy in the gentlemen’s doubles category, after beating Jamie Murray and John Peers 7-5, 6-4, 6-4 in the final. In the category of ladies’ doubles at Wimbledon 2015, Martina Hingis and Sania Mirza defeated Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina 6-7, 7-6, 7-5 in the final match. Mixed doubles category was won by Leander Paes and Martina Hingis, who defeated Timea Babos and Alexander Peya 6-1, 6-1 to lift their second Grand Slam trophy of the year. Boys’ singles category of Wimbledon Championships 2015 was won by Reilly Opelka, who defeated Mikael Ymer 7-6, 6-4 in the match for the title. Sumit Nagal and Ly Hoang Nam defeated Reilly Opelke and Akira Santillan 7-6, 6-4 and lifted the trophy in boys’ doubles competition of Wimbledon 2015. When it comes to girls’ competitions, Sofya Zhuk won the singles category by defeating Anna Blinkova 7-5, 6-4. Dalma Galfi and Fanny Stollar won girls’ doubles trophy, after winning against Vera Lapko and Tereza Mihalikova 6-3, 6-2 in the final match. Gentlemen’s invitation doubles of Wimbledon 2015 was won by Goran Ivanisevic and Ivan Ljubicic, who won against Wayne Ferreira and Sebastian Grosjean 6-3, 1-6, 10-5 in the final. Jacco Eltingh and Paul Haarhuis defeated Guy Forget and Cedric Pioline 6-4, 6-4 in the final of senior gentlemen’s invitation doubles. Ladies’ invitation doubles were won by Magdalena Maleeva and Rennae Stubbs, who beat Martina Navratilova and Selima Sfar 3-6, 7-5, 10-8 in the final match. In the wheelchair events, Gustavo Fernandez and Nicolas Peifer defeated Michael Jeremiasz and Gordon Reid 7-5, 5-7, 6-2 in the final match of men’s doubles of Wimbledon championships 2015. Wheelchair ladies’ doubles were won by Jordanne Whiley and Yui Kamiji, who defeated Jiske Griffioen and Aniek Van Koot 6-2, 5-7, 6-3. Share Your Thoughts Tennis Grand Slams tournaments are the most important annual tennis events held. Also called Majors, these tournaments offer the maximum ranking points, prize money and public and limelight. These are the most important tournaments in the career of any tennis player to reach him or her on the highest echelons of Tennis. The Australian Open is held on the hard courts and so are US tournaments. French Open is played on Clay court and Wimbledon is played on the Grass courts. Australian Open 2011 Novak Djokovic won the Australian Open for the second time along with wining the Grand Slam title. Before 2011, he won the tournament in 2008 whereas Andy Murray made it to the finals but lost the title at the hands of Djokovic with 6-4, 6-2, 6-3. In the women’s singles finals Kim Clijsters of Belgium clinched away the title and it happened to be his first Australian Open title scoring 3–6, 6–3, 6–3. In the finals she played against LiNa of China and defeated her. Meanwhile Li Na was the first Asian to enter finals of any Grand slam. In Men’s doubles, Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan took away the title by Mahesh Bhupatinand Leander Paes in two straight sets of 6-3, 6-4. Gisela Dulko of Argentina and Flavia Pennetta of Italy won over Victoria Azarenka (Belarus) / Maria Kirilenko (Rus) 2–6, 7–5, 6–1. Katarina Srebotnik of Slovenia and Daniel Nestor of Canada bagged the title against Yung –Jan Chan of Taiwan and Paul Hanley of Australia 6–3, 3–6, 10–7. 2012 Men’s single champion ship was taken by Novak Djokovic, defeating Rafael Nadal. Women’s single title was bagged by Belarus Tennis star Victoria Azarenka defeating Maria Sharapova. Men’s Double – Leander Paes of India and Radek Stepanek of Czech Republic Women’s double – Svetlana Kuznetsova of",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who wrote the novel 'To Kill A Mockingbird'?",
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"content": "NEA Big Read NEA Big Read To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Writing is a process of self-discipline you must learn before you can call yourself a writer. There are people who write, but I think they’re quite different from people who must write. About the Author Harper Lee (1926-2016) If Nelle Harper Lee ever wanted proof that fame has its drawbacks, she didn't have to look farther than her childhood neighbor, Truman Capote. After her enormously successful first novel, she lived a life as private as Capote's was public. Nelle—her first name was her grandmother's spelled backward—was born on April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama. Her mother, Frances Cunningham Finch Lee, was a homemaker. Her father, Amasa Coleman Lee, practiced law. Before A.C. Lee became a title lawyer, he once defended two black men accused of murdering a white storekeeper. Both clients, a father and son, were hanged. As a child, Harper Lee was an unruly tomboy. She fought on the playground. She talked back to teachers. She was bored with school and resisted any sort of conformity. The character of Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird would have liked her. In high school Lee was fortunate to have a gifted English teacher, Gladys Watson Burkett, who introduced her to challenging literature and the rigors of writing well. Lee loved nineteenth-century British authors best, and once said that her ambition was to become \"the Jane Austen of south Alabama.\" Unable to fit in with the sorority she joined at the University of Alabama, she found a second home on the campus newspaper. Eventually she became editor-in-chief of the Rammer Jammer, a quarterly humor magazine on campus. She entered the law school, but she \"loathed\" it. Despite her father's hopes that she would become a local attorney like her sister Alice, Lee went to New York to pursue her writing. She spent eight years working odd jobs before she finally showed a manuscript to Tay Hohoff, an editor at J.B. Lippincott. At this point, it still resembled a string of stories more than the novel that Lee had intended. Under Hohoff's guidance, the perspective was changed to Scout as a child, and two and a half years of rewriting followed. When the novel was finally ready for publication, the author opted for the name \"Harper Lee\" on the cover, because she didn't want to be misidentified as \"Nellie.\" To Kill a Mockingbird was published in 1960 to highly favorable reviews and quickly climbed the bestseller lists, where it remained for eighty-eight weeks. In 1961, the novel won the Pulitzer Prize. Lee later researched a book, similar to Capote's In Cold Blood (1966), about a part-time minister in Alexander City, Alabama, accused of killing five people for their insurance money and later himself murdered by a victim's relative. However, she dropped the project in the 1990s. It wasn't until February of 2015 that news of a second novel surfaced, when Lee's publisher announced a newly discovered manuscript for Go Set a Watchman, the novel Lee wrote before To Kill a Mockingbird. In the meantime, To Kill a Mockingbird has sold more than thirty million copies in forty languages. In 2011, President Obama awarded her the National Medal of Arts. According to biographer Charles J. Shields, Lee was unprepared for the amount of personal attention associated with writing a bestseller. She led a quiet and guardedly private life. As Sheriff Tate says of Boo Radley, \"draggin' him with his shy ways into the limelight—to me, that's a sin.\" So it would be with Harper Lee. The Friendship of Harper Lee and Truman Capote Nelle Harper Lee and Truman Capote became friends in the early 1930s as kindergarteners in Monroeville, Alabama. They lived next door to each other: Capote with aunts and uncles, Lee with her parents and three siblings. From the start they loved reading and recognized in each other \"an apartness,\" as Capote later expressed it. When Lee's father gave them an old Underwood typewriter, they began writing original stories. Although Capote moved to New York City in the third grade to join his mother and stepfather, he retur",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What variety of bean is used to produce beansprouts, popular in Oriental cuisine?",
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"content": "Mung Bean Sprouts, A Raw or Cooked Plant-Based Protein Protein - 7.0g Calories - 105 In a 2014 published review analyzing mung beans, mung sprouts and their nutritional qualities, it was stated that \"High levels of proteins, amino acids, oligosaccharides, and polyphenols in mung beans are thought to be the main contributors to the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities of this food and are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism.\" As with other types of sprouts , raw mung bean sprouts are a rich source of natural food-based enzymes, which is not the case for cooked varieties. Consuming them alongside cook meals or harder to digest foods can help to increase digestion and preserve one's own digestive enzyme resources. In the previous review, it was also reported that \"In recent years, studies have shown that the sprouts of mung beans after germination have more obvious biological activities and more plentiful secondary metabolites since relevant biosynthetic enzymes are activated during the initial stages of germination. Thus, germination is thought to improve the nutritional and medicinal qualities of mung beans.\" Best Quality Mung Beans Commercial mung beans are usually grown in either India or China and are exported to other countries around the world. We have, however, found a good source of organic mung beans cultivated in California, which may be preferred for those living in the United States. We always recommend purchasing organically grown and non-GMO certified mung beans for highest possible quality and sprout viability. About Sprouting Mung Beans Mung bean sprouts are sprouted in much the same way you would initially jar sprout other types of sprouts like broccoli , alfalfa , fenugreek and onion , or when preparing microgreens like sunflower or purslane before they are placed on a tray or growing medium. The length of time it takes to sprout them is fairly short, usually about 1-3 days depending on how you plan to eat them. For consuming raw sprouts, we recommend sprouting them for at least 2-3 days, which will produce a white sprout that is about 1/4-3/4 an inch long (or .63-1.9 cm). If you're going to cook your mung sprouts, it is best to sprout them for only a brief one day period, just after the sprout emerges from the seed. This provides a better flavor after the beans are cooked. How to Sprout Mung Beans To sprout mung beans you will need a one quart glass jar, a mesh sprouting lid and 1 ½ cups of whole green mung beans (preferably organic). This will produce about a one quart jar of mung bean sprouts Directions Place the mung beans in the jar and fill with filtered pure water, stir and allow to soak overnight or for at least 8 hours with a loose lid. Screw on mesh lid and strain the soaking liquid. Rinse, stir, remove any loose hulls that float to the top and strain again. Leave the jar turned upside down, tilted at an angle in a dish drain or container. Rinse and strain once a day until a desired sprout size between 1/4-3/4 an inch long (or .63-1.9 cm) is achieved. This usually takes between 1-3 days depending on room temperature. (For more on sprouting specifics see our sprouting seeds or how to sprout pages.) How to Use Mung bean sprouts can be consumed in small amounts as a raw sprout variety atop salads, soups or most any raw and cooked meal. They can likewise be added to wraps, tacos or sushi rolls. We used them in our vegan pad thai and seaweed salad recipes as an added protein source. Cooking mung beans, either slightly sprouted or unsprouted legumes, usually takes a lot less time to prepare than other types of beans, usually between 1 - 1 1/2 hours total cooking time. They are delicious when cooked and prepared as a sprouted mung bean dal with curry, turmeric and other Indian spices. Mung beans, when slightly undercooked, can additionally be prepared as a homemade tempeh that can be sliced, grilled, stir-fried or served in miso soup. Another Way to Eat Raw Legumes In recent years some experimentation with fermenting raw soaked or sprouted bean pa",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The Soviets invaded which Baltic country in November 1939?",
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"content": "World War II -- Finland Winter War World War II Finland: The Winter War (November 1939-March 1940) Figure 1.--This Finnish mother and child are evacuees from the massive Soviet Army invading their small country. Here they have just arrived at a govrnment evacuee camp and have been given name tags. The prss caption read, \"Somewnere in Finland: The distress of the Russ-Finish war and the hardship it is working on the people is registered on the face of this peasant mother from Lapland shown on arrival at a Finnish evacuee camp with her child. Note the picturesque attire of the woman and child and the name tag each is wearing. Most homesteads in the far northenr regions hav been evcuated away from the Russian invaders. This picture arrived by clipper today. The photograph was dated January 19, 1940. It was the Soviet Union not Germany that first struck after the invasion of Poland. Finland is located on the far northern perifery of Europe. Rarely has Finland played a significant role in European history. For a few months, however, it was the Finns who galantly resisted totalitarian resistance. The first effective resistance after a decade of totalitarian successes. Only 2 months after seizing eastern Poland, the Soviet Union invaded Finland (November 30, 1939). This was the beginning of what became known as the Winter War. Stalin's goals are unclear. The Soviets claomed they wanted a security belt to the west. This may have been the first step in regaining old Tsarist borders using the samectactics persued against the Baltic Republics. Finland after Poland was the next step in that process. Soviet planes and naval vessels bombarded Finish cities. The international community was apauled. Roosevelt called it the \"rape of Finland\". [Freidel, p. 324.] Former Ameican President Herbert Hoover, who had organized American relief efforts for Belgium during World War I, headed voluntary war relief for the Finns. (The President hoped that Hoover would work with Mrs. Roosevelt to assist with Government sponsored civilian war relief for the Allies. Such was Hoover animosity toward Roosevelt, however, that he refused. If he had agreed, he suely would have eventually headed American World War II relief efforts. [Freidel, p.325.] The outnummered and out-gunned Finns inflicted enormous losses on the Red Army, but the weight iof Soviet power eventually forced the Finns back. The Finns and Soviets eventually reached a peace agreement (March 1940). Given the scale of the Soviet victory, historians have decribed the terms of the peace settlement as 'moderate', but Stalin's calculations are still debated. The Soviets got the security belt they wanted around Lenningrad. The Soviet invasion of Finland had significant repercussions. The Allies for a time considered actively aiding Finland, but the Germans offensives in the West soon made that impossible. The Red Army energed victorious from the Winter War (1939-40), but at considerable cost. The poor performance of the Red Army in Finland was a factor in Hitler's decission to attack the Soviet Union before Britain had been defeated. Karelia The border area between southern Finland and the Soviet Union is Karelia. It is the area between the White Sea and the Gulf of Finland. It is an extensive area which includes the two largest lakes in Europe, Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega. What is often referred to as the Karelian Isthmus is located between the Baltic Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga. To the south is Ingria, the land of the closely related Ingrian people. The traditional western boundary was the Neva river itself but was eventually shifted northward into the Karelian isthmus to follow the Sestra River which since Napoleonic times was the Russo-Finnish border.The River Svir on the other side of Lake Lagoda completed the souther border of Karelia. Lake Saimaa marked the Western border while Lake Onega and the White Sea mark the Eastern border. The land to the north was occupied by nomadic Samis (Lapps), but unlike the south there were no natural border onky trackless wood",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who was born first, Susan Sarandon or Glenn Close?",
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"content": "What Susan Sarandon said about Trump was out of this world - The Washington Post What Susan Sarandon said about Trump was out of this world The inside track on Washington politics. Be the first to know about new stories from PowerPost. Sign up to follow, and we’ll e-mail you free updates as they’re published. You’ll receive free e-mail news updates each time a new story is published. You’re all set! By Jonathan Capehart By Jonathan Capehart March 29, 2016 Follow @capehartj Susan Sarandon watches Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) speak at an event in Iowa on Jan. 27. (Chris Carlson/Associated Press) MSNBC’s Chris Hayes interviewed actress Susan Sarandon on Monday and right now I. Can’t. Even. The surrogate for Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) told Hayes, “I don’t know. I’m going to see what happens” when he asked whether she would vote for Hillary Clinton over Donald Trump. Not committing to voting for Clinton wasn’t terribly shocking. Sarandon had spent a considerable amount of time knocking the former secretary of state’s record. But what she said about Trump was out of this world. HAYES: Right, but isn’t the question always in an election about choices, right. I mean, I think a lot of people think to themselves well if it’s Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, and I think Bernie Sanders probably would think this… SARANDON: I think Bernie probably would encourage people because he doesn’t have any ego. I think a lot of people are sorry, I can’t bring myself to do that. HAYES: How about you personally? SARANDON: I don’t know. I’m going to see what happens. HAYES: Really? SARANDON: Really. HAYES: I cannot believe as you’re watching the, if Donald Trump… SARANDON: Some people feel Donald Trump will bring the revolution immediately if he gets in then things will really, you know explode. When Hayes asked Sarandon if she didn’t think that argument was “dangerous,” she said, “The status quo is not working, and I think it’s dangerous to think that we can continue the way we are with the militarized police force, with privatized prisons, with the death penalty, with the low minimum wage, with threats to women’s rights and think that you can’t do something huge to turn that around.” [ Time to take our country back — from Donald Trump ] Actress Susan Sarandon spoke at a rally for Bernie Sanders in Mason City, Iowa, Jan. 27. (Bernie Sanders) Let me state clearly that the passion with which Sarandon campaigns for Sanders is something we need more of in American politics. If more were as engaged and active as she is, our ongoing national discussion of the issues would be as dynamic as they would be thrilling. But the Academy Award-winning actress displayed the downside of such fervent participation: the inability or unwillingness of too many to see that their insistence on political purity could lead to calamity. This is not Sarandon’s first time making the perfect the enemy of the good. In the 2000 presidential campaign, when misguided progressives believed that a vote for Vice President Al Gore was the same as voting for then-Texas Gov. George W. Bush, she was an active supporter of Ralph Nader. And we all know how that turned out. Ralph Nader in 2000. (Lucian Perkins/The Washington Post) [ A warning to warring Democrats in the Clinton-Sanders race ] It defies logic that a progressive would find anything redeeming about the Trump candidacy. Sure, the Republican presidential front-runner “will bring the revolution immediately” if, God help us, he’s elected. But that revolution would be fueled by a campaign that thrived on racism, xenophobia and misogyny. And, as far as we know, that revolution would involve deporting 11 million undocumented immigrants, restricting all Muslims from entering the United States and alternately treating women like pretty prized possessions or objects of ridicule. Clinton is not perfect. We all know it. And she would be the first to admit it. But it is monumentally insane to argue that a Trump in the White House would be preferable to a Clinton in the Oval Office. The Man",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"What was referred to in the title of Bill Bryson's book \"\"Notes From A Small Island\"\"?\"",
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"content": "Bill Bryson: Notes from a Small Island (TV Series 1999– ) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Bill Bryson: Notes from a Small Island 25min Following his enormously successful book \"Notes From a Small Island\", American travel writer Bill Bryson sets off on a new tour of Britain. Starting at Dover, where he recalls his first ... See full summary » Stars: a list of 23 titles created 04 Sep 2011 a list of 858 titles created 05 Dec 2012 a list of 501 titles created 06 Oct 2014 Title: Bill Bryson: Notes from a Small Island (1999– ) 6.6/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Edit Storyline Following his enormously successful book \"Notes From a Small Island\", American travel writer Bill Bryson sets off on a new tour of Britain. Starting at Dover, where he recalls his first disembarkation in 1973 to a land of rain, sweet tea and disagreeable land-ladies, his travels take him from Poole in the South to the Western Isles of Scotland. Along the way he encounters such colourful characters as the pipe smokers of Solihull, ballroom dancers in Blackpool and the caber tossers of Glenfinnan. Bryson brings all his perspective eye, dry wit and outbursts of comic exasperation to this affectionate survey of the British way of life. Written by Anonymous 10 January 1999 (UK) See more » Also Known As: Notes from a Small Island See more » Filming Locations: Not as good as the book, but... 15 January 2005 | by dilone (Grand Rapids, MI) – See all my reviews I love Bryson's books immensely. As a fellow American who has spent a few years living in Britain, he captures both cultures with wit and charm. That said, this TV adaptation of his most popular book leaves something to be desired. It moves slowly, is nowhere near as funny as his books, and is far too subdued for my taste. Part of the problem is that for a TV presenter, Bryson is a good author. He comes off as too bored, too bland...only occasionally does his true love for Britain shine through. Those moments that it does (episode three is the best example of this) are wonderful. The whole appeal of Bryson is the way he expresses his love for British culture with just enough detachment to be witty, and that is far too absent from this adaptation. Still, as travelogues go, it's one of the better ones out there. It's a case of \"better than the rest, not as good as it should have been.\" At least Bryson is willing to show us the \"real Britain,\" not the tourism-centered part. He knows the places to explore and bring out the charm that most tourists miss. Too bad he's unable to couple it with the charm he finds on paper. Cheers, mate. 17 of 17 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What name for a female servant is taken from the wife of Nabal in the Old Testament, after whose death she married David?",
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"content": "Abigail: A Bible Woman with Beauty and Brains Abigail: A Bible Woman with Beauty and Brains This article is available in Spanish here . Abigail, Nabal and David Abigail is an interesting woman who we meet in 1 Samuel chapter 25 . Like several women in the Old Testament, Abigail is described as beautiful. Unlike most other women in the Old Testament, Abigail is also described as “intelligent” (NAB, NIV, TEV), or “clever” (NRSV), or “of good understanding” (KJV, ASV), etc. Beautiful and clever Abigail was married to a wealthy man, and she may have enjoyed the benefits of an affluent lifestyle, but her rich husband Nabal was foolish, intemperate, and mean. Abigail’s name אֲבִיגַיִל is derived from two Hebrew words, “father” and “happiness”, and means “my father’s happiness”. She may have been the cause of happiness in her father’s house, but Abigail’s marriage cannot have been a happy one.[1] Nabal’s name נָבָל means “foolish” or “senseless” in Hebrew. As an adjective the word is used especially of people who have no perception of ethical or religious claims. It is an apt name for this character, who typifies such behavior.[2] Nabal had not noticed that David and his men had been protecting his shepherds. When David’s camp started to run out of food, he sent ten messengers to Nabal. The messengers told Nabal about how they had been protecting his shepherds and they asked for provisions, but Nabal refused them.[3] He even screamed at them (1 Sam 25:14 NLT). Nabal’s actions deeply insulted David, and David responded by preparing for a slaughter (1 Sam 25:13, 22). Abigail’s Actions Abigail was the able mistress of an extensive household.[4] A servant told Abigail how Nabal has insulted David, and informed her of the danger they now faced. Her servants, both male and female, promptly helped Abigail in her decisive plan to placate David. Abigail was not just intelligent and beautiful, she was also brave. It would have been no mean feat to confront David and four hundred of his men who had been insulted and were intent on revenge with their swords at the ready. Yet Abigail approached David and, with great diplomacy, humbly offered him a “peace offering”. She gave David and his men plenty of food. Her quick actions saved her household from disaster, and kept David and his men from unnecessary bloodshed. Click To Tweet Abigail was also brave considering that her actions would be found out by her husband, and then she would have to face his violent temper. The next day, Abigail told Nabal everything that she had done. Thankfully, God spared her from Nabal’s wrath. Nabal immediately had a heart attack and ten days died later from heart failure. Nabal did not know who David was, but Abigail knew. She knew that David was an outlaw on the run from King Saul, and she spoke eloquently and prophetically about David and his future reign as king of Israel.[5] Her speech is one of the longest speeches of a woman recorded in the Old Testament. Here is an excerpt: “The Lord your God will certainly make a lasting dynasty for my lord, because you fight the Lord’s battles, and no wrongdoing will be found in you as long as you live. Even though someone is pursuing you to take your life, the life of my lord will be bound securely in the bundle of the living by the Lord your God, but the lives of your enemies he will hurl away as from the pocket of a sling. When the Lord has fulfilled for my lord every good thing he promised concerning him and has appointed him ruler over Israel my lord will not have on his conscience the staggering burden of needless bloodshed or of having avenged himself. And when the Lord your God has brought my lord success, remember your servant.” 1 Samuel 25:28-31 (NIV) David did remember Abigail. After Nabal’s death, he seems to have lost no time in asking her to become his wife. It is not clear whether David sought this marriage because of his attraction to Abigail or if it was for political reasons, but he certainly admired her. Abigail became David’s third wife and she bore David’s second son Chileab (2 Sam 3:3). (Her son",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Entertainer Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou is better known by what name?",
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"content": "George Michael - Biography - IMDb George Michael Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (1) | Trade Mark (1) | Trivia (39) | Personal Quotes (34) Overview (5) 6' (1.83 m) Mini Bio (1) George Michael was born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou in Finchley, north London, in the United Kingdom, to Lesley Angold (Harrison), a dancer, and Kyriacos Panayiotou, a restaurateur. His father was a Greek Cypriot, and his mother was of English background. He first discovered fame as a musician when he and school friend, Andrew Ridgeley , formed the pop group Wham! . Success came fast and furious with their first album, 'Fantastic' (1983) hitting the UK number one spot. Wham! survived for five years and during that time the group notched up four number one singles and two number one albums. Most of their other releases made top three. George also contributed to the Band Aid Single 'Do They Know It's Christmas' (1984), and scored two further solo number one hits with 'Careless Whisper' and 'A Different Corner'. Following the break-up of Wham! , George went on to have a hugely successful career as a solo artist, his debut album 'Faith' (1987) - and the single of the same name - both achieving instant and international success. The album has since been certified Diamond. Over the last four decades George has notched up 8 number one albums in the and 13 number one singles in the UK (including Wham! , Band Aid , and the 'Five Live' EP). In the U.S. he has achieved 2 number one albums and 10 number one singles, with numerous other number one hits throughout the rest of the world. He has performed duets with artists including Aretha Franklin , Elton John , Queen , and Lisa Stansfield , and actively participates in charitable causes, Live Aid and the Freddie Mercury concert for AIDS being just two of the more prominent examples. According to a BBC documentary, George donated more than five million pounds towards various charities. Whilst with Wham!, he donated all the proceeds of 'Last Christmas' (1984) to charity. The single reached number two in the UK and George also performed simultaneously on the number one charity record 'Do They Know It's Christmas?'. George released the single 'December Song' in 2008 as a free download: his hope was that purchasers would donate money to charity. He remained in contact with his Wham! partner and long-time friend Andrew Ridgeley until his death in 2016. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous Trade Mark (1) Powerful, smooth and soulful voice Trivia (39) He was arrested in April 1998 at a public restroom in Beverly Hills for committing a lewd act in front of an undercover police officer. As a result, for the first time he spoke publicly about being gay. BBC talk show host Michael Parkinson dedicated an episode of his Parkinson (1971) series to an interview with him. Michael also wrote and released the song \"Outside\", which had lyrics and a music video mocking the whole incident. The arresting police officer filed a civil suit against Michael for defamation of character, but it was dismissed. He enjoyed four UK number one singles with Wham: \"Wake Me Up Before You Go Go\" (1984), \"Freedom\" (1984), \"I'm Your Man\" (1985) and \"The Edge of Heaven\" (1986). His song \"Father Figure\" was sampled for PM Dawn 's hit \"Looking Through Patient Eyes\". He collaborated with Queen and Lisa Stansfield on the British chart-topping \"Five Live\" (EP) of 1993. The first three singles of George Michael's solo career all went to the number one position on the UK chart: \"Careless Whisper\" (1984), \"A Different Corner\" (1986) and \"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)\" (1987). The latter was a duet with Aretha Franklin . His song with Wham! , \"Last Christmas\", is the best selling UK hit never to get to number one, reaching the number two position in December 1984, being re-issued and reaching the number six position the next December and being re-issued again and reaching the number 45 position in December 1986. It spent a total of 24 weeks on the UK chart. He sang on the number one and number two Christmas singles of 1984, Band Aid's \"Do They Know I",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"Which UKIP MEP quit the party in 2014 over problems with \"\"Bongo Bongo Land\"\" and \"\"women in the kitchen\"\"?\"",
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"content": "Purple Rain blog: UKIP MEP: 'Women don't have the ambition to get to the top because babies get in the way' UKIP MEP: 'Women don't have the ambition to get to the top because babies get in the way' posted by: Heather Saul | on: Wednesday, 27 November 2013, 17:14 UKIP MEP: \"Women don't have the ambition to get to the top\" from Action 2014 on Vimeo . Ukip members have never been shy and retiring types when it comes to airing their views, with leader Nigel Farage freely admitting he often struggles to reign in his controversy prone members of the \"party of radical alternatives and free speech\". Who could forget Ukip MEP Godfrey Bloom's reference to \"bongo-bongo land\", or his 'women who do not clean behind fridges are sluts' joke, which went down like a lead balloon? Now UKIP MEP Stuart Agnew has become the next member to cause a stir by saying women do not have the ambition to get all the way to the top because babies \"get in the way\". Mr Agnews remarks that babies get in the way of female ambition drew a flurry of attempted blue-card interventions during European Parliament on Tuesday. He said:\"The point is we have absolute gender balancing in the education system. In fact, if you look at the people who get degrees more, women get them and they are getting the jobs in the work place, but for various reasons, they don't have the ambition to go right to the top because something gets in the way. It's called a baby. \"I've never had a baby, but I understand if you do have a baby it can change your life - it changes your ambitions. So, the route is there. Those females who really want to get to the top do so.\"",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The Tuareg and the Berber inhabit which desert?",
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"content": "Tuareg nomads of Niger: Blue Men of the Desert The Blue Men of the Desert a legendary culture Legendary herders and caravaners of the Sahara desert, the Tuareg are among the last nomads on earth. Their ancient written language, Tifinagh (or Tamasheq), their music, dance and culture have been the subject of fascinated study and speculation by generations of explorers, archaeologists and scholars. Tifinagh is thought to have derived from the ancient Berber script. The word Tifinagh means 'the Phoenician letters,\" or possibly comes from the Greek word for writing tablet, pínaks. It is not taught in schools, but is still used occasionally by the Tuareg for private notes, love letters and in decoration. \"Men and women towards each other are for the eyes and the heart, and not only for the bed.\" Tuareg people have a long tradition of music and poetry. Many of the songs sing the praises of women. At festivals and gatherings, women clap and sing together in tende drum circles A matrilineal society, the Tuareg trace their families through women. For example, men hold political power, but when a chief dies, the title goes to his sister’s son. In each family, it is the wife who owns the portable family home. She has her own herd of goats, sheep and camels – affording her financial independence should her husband leave her through death or divorce. At left, a Tuareg women on her way to her wedding. \"Salt doesn't say it's salty.\" The camel is the primary mode of transportation for Tuareg men, and is a badge of joy and pride. Each year, Tuareg men engage in camel races at the annual Cure Salee (Salt Cure) festival in Ingall. Women prefer donkeys for their transport, and children also use donkeys to fetch water. Men are the sole creators of the famous Tuareg jewelry, while women work in straw and leather. Tuareg men cover their heads and mouths, to protect from dust and wind as well as observing respect for the power of the spoken word. Modesty in speech, manner and dress is expressed in both genders; however, women are not expected to veil themselves as the men. \"trust in Allah, but tether your camel.\" The Cross of Agadez is the most famous among the 21 emblems of the Tuareg - 21 different designs, each representing a specific nomadic enclave of Niger. One interpretation among many of the cross design is a representation of the Four Corners of the Earth - a metaphysical and spiritual compass for a people who are always on the move. \"Houses are the graves of the living.\" These legendary desert nomads live in the most severe of environments, yet their love of the desert and the freedom they find there is core to their identity. Many are finding it a challenge to adjust to a more sedentary lifestyle as they lose pastureland to farming and herds to increasing drought. Often, men must live in \"exod,\" migrating to difficult lives on the outskirts of cities such as Agadez and Niamey. Tuareg men participating in camel racing at the annual Cure Salee festival. An ancient silversmith tradition The Tuareg are famous for their stunning silver jewelry, hand etched in traditional designs. Often using silver melted down from vintage coins, Kel Inaden (as the blacksmiths are referred to) was traditionally a calling you are orn into - and jewelry making a distict profession for men only. OWN A PIECE OF TUAREG ARTISTRY - SHOP OUR NOMADIC MARKETPLACE Our Work",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What/who was Yahweh, (expanded from Hebrew YHWH), in the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah?",
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"content": "Yahweh - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus Yahweh a name for the God of the Old Testament Class: Wikipedia: Yahweh the national god of the Iron Age kingdoms of Israel and Judah. The origins of the worship of Yahweh are obscure, but reach back at least to the early Iron Age and probably to the Late Bronze Age. His name may have begun as an epithet of the god El,... (50 of 4445 words, pronunciations)",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In the human body what name is given collectively to the five long bones of the foot?",
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"content": "Understanding The Anatomy of the Bones of the Foot Understanding The Anatomy of the Bones of the Foot Authored by Hindfoot & Tarsal Bones Over 25 percent of our bones are located in our feet. There are twenty-six bones that make up the complex structure of each foot. The foot is a strong mechanism, and it supports our entire body weight during all upright activities (standing, walking, running, etc). It remains flexible, durable, and resilient under enormous pressure. Structurally, the foot consists of three main parts: the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot. Anatomically, the bones of the foot are known as the tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges. Let’s break down each category and discuss the importance of each bone. Forefoot: Phalanges and Metatarsal Bones The forefoot comprises fourteen phalanges and five metatarsal bones. One phalanx of each of the five toes connects to one of the five metatarsals. The toes are numbered one through five, starting with the big toe, which is technically known as the hallux. Some people like to call the fifth toe the “pinky.” The phalanges are referred to as follows: The proximal phalanx is the base of each toe and articulates the metatarsal bone and middle phalanx. The middle phalanx is located under the distal phalanx in the second, third, fourth and fifth toes only. The hallux does not have a middle phalanx. The distal phalanx is found at the end of each toe, forming the tip of the toes. There are five metatarsals in each foot. The metatarsals are the long bones located between the tarsal bones and the phalanges. Each metatarsal has a long shaft with two expanded ends called the base and the head. They form part of the foot’s arch and serve both as a major shock absorber and a weight-transfer mechanism. They are connected to the forefoot and midfoot by muscles, tendons, and a special ligament known as the plantar fascia. The metatarsals are not named individually; rather, they are numbered first through fifth, starting with the big toe. Here is a quick description of each of the metatarsal bones: The first metatarsal bone is the shortest and thickest. The second metatarsal bone is the longest and is firmly held between the first and third cuneiform bones. This bone is most susceptible to injury. The third metatarsal bone is in the middle and articulates the third cuneiform, as well as the second and fourth metatarsal bones. The fourth metatarsal bone is smaller than the third, but like the third it also articulates the surrounding metatarsals (the third and fifth), and also articulates the cuboid. The fifth metatarsal bone articulates the cuboid and the fourth metatarsal. Jones fractures and stress fractures are common injuries to this bone. There are also two tiny bones located under the hallux (big toe) called sesamoid bones. Sesamoid bones develop within the tendon of a muscle to protect the tendon from wear and tear at the point where it passes over the end of the metatarsal bone. They bear the weight of the body when the toe pushes off in walking or running. Though it is less common, sesamoid bones can be found elsewhere in the foot within other flexor tendons of the toes. Midfoot: Lesser Tarsal Bones The five bones that make up the midfoot are collectively known as the lesser tarsal bones. They act as an intermediary to transfer weight from the hindfoot to the forefoot with each footstep. These bones, along with the joints and ligaments that connect them, make up most of what we would consider the arch of the foot. They include: The navicular bone is boat-shaped and located in the middle of the foot. It articulates with the talus and the three cuneiform bones. The cuboid bone is shaped like a cube and is the last of the seven tarsal bones, articulating with the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones, calcaneus, and navicular bones. There are three cuneiform bones in all: medial, intermediate, and lateral. They are located in the midfoot region, articulating with the corresponding metatarsal bones and navicular bone. Hindfoot: Greater Tarsal bones The hindfoot connects the foo",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In Greek mythology, who nightly swam the Hellespont to meet his lover?",
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"content": "Hellespont * People, Places, & Things * Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to the Fall of the Last Tyrant H to Helike Helikon to Hexa Hieroglyphics to Holy Twain Homados to Hystaspes 2 Hellespont The ancient Greek name for the Dardanelles Strait which separates European Turkey from Asian Turkey; the narrow waterway connects the Sea of Marmara to the Aegean Sea ; approximately 37 miles (60 kilometers) long and up to 4 miles (6.5 kilometers) wide. The name literally means Helle’s Sea because it was named after the maiden, Helle , when she fell from the back of the flying ram with the Golden Fleece and drowned in the sea below; Helle and her brother, Phrixus , were attempting to escape the evil plotting of their stepmother, Ino , when Helle fell from the ram and drowned. The Hellespont also claimed the lives of the two young lovers, Leander and Hero ; the city of Abydos was on the Asian side of the Hellespont and the city of Sestos was on the Greek side; each night, Leander would swim from Abydos to Sestos in order to meet the beautiful priestess of Aphrodite (goddess of Love), Hero ; Leander would swim the channel with the lights of Sestos to guide him; one night Leander lost his way in a storm and drowned before he could reach the shore; Hero was so distraught that she threw herself in the sea where she also perished in the cruel water. The Persian army of Xerxes built a 4,077 foot pontoon bridge across the Hellespont during the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BCE; in order to span the channel, a series of boats were lashed side-to-side and planks were laid across the boats from one shore to the other; when violent winds broke the bridge to pieces, Xerxes had men with whips pronounce curses and deliver three hundred lashes on the water; he lowered a yoke into the water to symbolize his domination and finally branded the water with hot irons; the men who had been responsible for the bridge’s construction were beheaded; after he had calmed down, Xerxes repented and made offerings to the water spirits of the Hellespont so that he might be forgiven for his act of irreverence; to appease the waterway, he burned incense, poured libations, offered myrtle branches, a golden cup and bowl and also a sword; whether Xerxes did these things to appease the Hellespont or as a tribute to the sun god of Greece is not clear, regardless, the bridge was completed and the troops marched safely across. The name of the Hellespont was changed to Dardanelles in honor of ancestor of the Trojans , Dardanos (Dardanus). How to Cite this Page Cut and paste the following text for use in a paper or electronic document report. Stewart, Michael. \"People, Places & Things: Hellespont\", Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to the Fall of the Last Tyrant. http://messagenetcommresearch.com/myths/ppt/Hellespont_1.html Cut and paste the following html for use in a web report. Stewart, Michael. "People, Places & Things: Hellespont", <i>Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to the Fall of the Last Tyrant</i>. http://messagenetcommresearch.com/myths/ppt/Hellespont_1.html Cut and paste the following html for use in a web report. This format will link back to this page, which may be useful but may not be required. Stewart, Michael. "People, Places & Things: Hellespont", <i>Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to the Fall of the Last Tyrant</i>. <a href=\"http://messagenetcommresearch.com/myths/ppt/Hellespont_1.html\">http://messagenetcommresearch.com/myths/ppt/Hellespont_1.html</a>",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which animal is the symbol of the City of Berlin?",
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"content": "The Bear- the symbol of Berlin | Berlin: A Divided City Berlin: A Divided City Willkommen in unserem Blog. genießen! Menu bears Berlin buddy bears mascot Berlin’s founding date is set at 1237 because that is the earliest documentary evidence that exists for the city (a handwritten document naming a bishop of Cölln). The earliest city seal in existence from 1253 didn’t feature a bear but an eagle, which was the symbol of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, an important principality of the Holy Roman Empire that included Berlin. Then in 1280, a second city seal appeared with the Brandenburg eagle flanked by two standing bears. When Cölln and Berlin were officially merged into one city in 1709, the coat of arms featured the bear with a neck band below two eagles -red for Brandenburg and black for Prussia. By 1875, the bear had lost the neckband and gained a wall-crown, signifying Berlin’s status as a free city. But none of this explains why a bear? Unfortunately, a fire in 1380 destroyed all the documents that could have definitively answered this question -but there are some interesting theories. One is that the bear was chosen in homage to Albrecht the Bear, founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1157. This would have been about the time that Berlin was first settled, but then why did the first city seal feature the Brandenburg eagle and not a bear? The settlement was probably not important enough at that time to get its own mascot. Another theory is that the bear was chosen to create a canting or singing arms, because the German word “Bär” (bear) sounds phonetically similar to the first syllable of Berlin. But linguists have shot down this theory having found no etymological connections between the two words. In fact, Berlin was settled by Slavs so the prefix “Ber” may have nothing to do with German. There is however an old-Slavic word “berli” that describes a rigid net submerged in the water to catch swarms of fish. It could be that the first settlers built plenty of berlis in the Spree, and that they themselves became known to others as the “Berline,” thus spawning the name Berlin. While the latter seems the most plausible origin of the name, it doesn’t explain the connection to the bear. Whatever the reason, the Berlin Bear remains. The bear pit behind the museum was built as a present to the people of Berlin on the city’s 700th birthday. Today’s coat of arms still has these features. The Bear still stands proud as the city symbol and mascot, and appears on its flag. There are living “city bears” in the middle of the city, in Köllnischen Park. They live in what is called “the bear pit” (Bärenzwinger). The Buddy Bears The story of the Buddy Bears started with an artistic event in Berlin in 2001. Inspired by the idea of bringing art in the streets of a metropolis like the cow parade in Zurich and New York, the initiators of the Buddy Bears, Klaus und Eva Herlitz, decided to start a street art project in Berlin. It was quickly agreed that a bear would be the ideal sculpture for the backdrops of the German metropolis. The bear – Berlin’s heraldic animal with a high level of public appeal – was envisaged to capture the hearts of Berliners and their guests in various different designs. Two master students of the famous Berlin University of the Arts realised the first Buddy Bear. Anne and Roman Strobel – two friends of the Herlitz family – designed the siblings of the first Buddy Bear. Only a few months later, the initial Buddy Bear was ready for the first public appearance in Berlin. A new Berlin star was born! And the story began – a story nowadays travelling around the world! Over the following weeks, more than 100 bears were created. As from 20th June 2001, they were presented in different locations all over the city. The project was a great success that we mainly owe to the fantastic artists who gave each individual bear a unique identity. The bears were visible all over Berlin, attracting thousands of delighted looks. Nowadays, the bears have become an integral part of Berlin’s cityscape and travel around the worl",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In Norse mythology what name is given to the rainbow bridge that leads from the mortal realm to Asgard?",
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"content": "THE NINE WORLDS OF THE NORSE COSMOLOGY THE NINE WORLDS OF THE NORSE COSMOLOGY MIDGARD SERPENT The purpose of this particular page is to give those who lack a good degree of familiarity with the cosmological stomping grounds of the Norse deities, and the other races of beings they regularly interact with in the myths, a crash course on the subject. I will endeavor to make this page as succinct and to the point as possible, giving only the basic information that one may require to fully understand and appreciate the complete otherworldly milieu in which the Norse deities operate within. It should first be noted that much of the original myths as written down before and during the Age of Vikings in Europe was lost, and what survived was in certain cases rewritten by Christian monks of Scandinavian heritage who sought to preserve this literary tradition of their culture after the fall of Northern Paganism, albeit adding Christian-inspired conceits to the material. The remains of the original poetic versions of the myths were ultimately collected into a volume known as the POETIC EDDA. In the 13th century, these poems were reworked by the writer, historian, and mythographer Snorri Sturluson reworked into standard prose narrative for the first time in the PROSE EDDA (also called the YOUNGER EDDA), where some of his own ideas and interpretations embellished the surviving myths. It is from these sources that the bulk of what is today known about Norse mythology stems. The cosmic geography in which the Norse deities dwell encompasses nine realms of interconnected realities that are often referred to as the Nine Worlds. These realms are all linked together by the various branches of the cosmic ash tree referred to in the myths as Yggdrasil (illustrated in the painting at the top of this page). Asgard was connected to Midgard (the Earth) by a rainbow-hued bridge called Bifrost. The Nine Worlds of the Norse cosmology are the following: 1. Asgard--the realm inhabited by the great majority of the Norse deities, and ruled by Odin and Frigga. Most of the deities have their own palace, and it's the original home of the war-loving Aesir tribe. Asgard is described in the myths as an amazing and majestic realm of towering spires and palaces of gold and silver situated within a remarkable city. It is surrounded by miles and miles of enchanted woodlands, rivers, and seas, which are populated by a large number of life forms, many of them analogous to Earth creatures, such as dogs, cats, and horses, and others unlike anything natural to the biological fauna of Earth, including dragons and various types of sea serpents. This realm is also the original home of the Aesir, one of the two tribes of deities who merged into a single tribe, the Asgardians. A special section of Asgard called Valhalla is inhabited by the souls of heroic and virtuous mortals who followed the Norse path, and these honored dead, known collectively as the Einerjar, are ruled by Odin and Freya (each of whom rules over half of these fallen heroes). 2. Vanaheim--former home of the Vanir, a tribe of peaceful but powerful fertility deities, that went to war with the Aesir of Asgard and eventually achieved peace with them, merging and intermarrying with this other tribe, and making their home with them in Asgard. Vanaheim, like Asgard, is a spectacular realm that is dotted with vast, unspoiled forests and bodies of water, all of which are inhabited by nature spirits and equivalents of Earth animals. 3. Alfheim--the realm of the Light Elves, once ruled by the Norse god Frey in his youth (who since migrated to Asgard). The light elves are the enchanted, shape-shifting beings of great magickal power who were known to the Celtic people as the faerie folk, or fays, and Alfheim is simply another word for the twilight realm known in Ireland and Scotland as Faerieland. 4. Svartalfheim--the home of the Dark Elves, an offshoot species of the inhabitants of Alfheim, who have been known t",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which warship, perfectly preserved in Stockholm, sank on her maiden voyage in 1628?",
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"content": "Welcome! Vasa´s upper deck. Welcome! The Vasa ship capsized and sank in Stockholm 1628. After 333 years on the sea bed the mighty warship was salvaged and the voyage could continue. Today Vasa is the world's only preserved 17th century ship and the most visited museum in Scandinavia. Friday 20 January Today at the Vasa Museum The museum opens at 10:00 AM Adults: 130 SEK Next occurrence in 7h 19min (11:30 AM) 11:30 AM, 1:30 PM, 3:30 PM Exhibition: His Majesty´s Ship Museum Shop Beautiful hand blown glass in different sizes and models. Made of Swedish glassworks in several colors. Price 285-625 SEK. Bottles in green. Bowls of salad in restaurant. Restaurant Take a break in the museum's restaurant. Enjoy food made from fine Swedish ingredients and a beautiful sea view. We have a lunch menu for both adults and children. For coffee, we have several pastries to choose from. \"\"",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who was the only female competitor in the 1976 Montreal Olympics not to have been subjected to a sex test?",
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"content": "Montreal, 1976 Olympics Montreal, 1976 Olympic Games The 1976 Olympic Games were held in Montreal, Canada. 26 African countries boycotted the Games in response to New Zealand's inclusion. Earlier that year a New Zealand team had undertaken a three-month rugby tour of the racially segregated South Africa, but the IOC refused to ban them. The Soviet Union lead the medal count, followed by the U.S. and East Germany. See the 1976 Medal Count . Trivia The original estimated cost of the Montreal Games had been $310 million, but labor problems, financial mismanagement, the addition of an extravagant stadium, and other expenses - plus increased security, clearly needed after the events of Munich - increased the price tag past $1.5 billion. Canada barred the Republic of China (Taiwan) team from the country, then allowed them to enter if they agreed not to compete as \"the Republic of China\". The Taiwanese considered this unacceptable and withdraw. Athletes Five American boxers won gold medals, including three future world boxing champs: Ray Leonard, Michael Spinks, and Leon Spinks. No gymnast had ever achieved a perfect score of 10, until 14 year old Romanian gymnast Nadia Comaneci scored perfect 10's seven times at the 1976-Montreal games, also bagging three gold medals, plus a silver and a bronze on the way. The only female competitor not to have to submit to a sex test at the 1976 Summer Olympics was Princess Anne of the UK, who was competing as a member of the UK equestrian team. As the daughter Queen Elizabeth II, such a test was seen as inappropriate. Share:",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; How many noggings are there in a pint?",
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"content": "How many calories are there in a pint of Beer? | TMZ - YouTube How many calories are there in a pint of Beer? | TMZ Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 3, 2015 Our camera guy tells Tika Sumpter there is 200 calories in a pint of beer but how many hours would it take to burn off those calories by just chewing gum? Click 'SHOW MORE' for related content.... Cameras Caught Supermodel Nina Agdal On All Fours! https://youtu.be/BYlQLCVmfcQ ‘Redneck Island’ Cast Members Take Beer Ponging To A Whole New Level! https://youtu.be/8tq3YYNlrhY Jimmy Fallon VS Miranda Kerr -- FLIP CUP! https://youtu.be/_r7_BPRffVg Matthew McConaughey & Brad Pitt Are Balcony To Balcony in New Orleans https://youtu.be/8yQG9Rgt_N0 SUBSCRIBE: http://po.st/TMZSubscribe About TMZ: TMZ has consistently been credited for breaking the biggest stories dominating the entertainment news landscape and changed the way the public gets their news. Regularly referenced by the media, TMZ is one of the most cited entertainment news sources in the world. Subscribe to TMZ on YouTube for breaking celebrity news/ gossip and insight from the newsroom staff (TMZ Chatter & TMZ News), the best clips from TMZ on TV, Raw & Uncut TMZ paparazzi video (from TMZ.com) and the latest video from TMZ Sports and TMZ Live! Keeping Up with Our YouTube Exclusive Content: TMZ Chatter: TMZ newsroom staff insight and commentary from stories/ photos/ videos on TMZ.com TMZ News: The latest news you need to know from TMZ.com Raq Rants: Raquel Harper talks to a celebrity guest with ties to the hip hop and R&B communities. Behind The Bar Podcast: TMZ's lawyers Jason Beckerman and Derek Kaufman loiter at the intersection of law and entertainment, where they look closely at the personalities, events and trends driving the world of celebrity — and how the law affects it all. We love Hollywood, we just have a funny way of showing it. Need More TMZ? LIKE TMZ on Facebook! http://po.st/TMZLike FOLLOW TMZ on Twitter! http://po.st/TMZFollow FOLLOW TMZ on Instagram! http://po.st/TMZInsta TMZ on TV & TMZ Sports on FS1 Tune In Info: http://po.st/TMZOnAir TMZ is on iOS! http://po.st/TMZiOS TMZ is on Android! http://po.st/TMZonAndroid Got a Tip?",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which British composer, together with the tenor Peter Pears, founded the annual music festival at Aldeburgh?",
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"content": "Aldeburgh Festival - Music and Art on the Suffolk Coast By Ferne Arfin Updated May 24, 2016. If you are looking for vacation on the coast, where you can combine the pleasures of a classy seaside resort with 17 days of listening to the finest musicians in the world, the Aldeburgh Festival is for you. Every June, the Aldeburgh Festival fills a quiet backwater near the Suffolk Coast with music, opera and performing arts. Leading artists and ensembles from all over the world gather to perform in remarkable venues at an event founded by British composer Benjamin Britten. In 1948, Britten, together with tenor Peter Pears, his companion and collaborator, and Eric Crozier, Britten's frequent librettist, founded the Aldeburgh festival as a home for their touring opera company, the English Opera Group. Their aim was to produce fresh interpretations of classic repertoire, to rediscover forgotten works and to foster working relationships and collaborations between established artists and talented younger musicians. Music Near the Sea that Inspired it It all began in churches and local halls in and around the coastal resort of Aldeburgh. continue reading below our video Best Ride Sharing Apps of 2015 Sixty-six years on in 2015, the festival is now centered on Snape Maltings a collection of Victorian buildings, barns and workshops covering seven acres beside the Alde estuary. It's about five miles from Aldeburgh where Britten and Pears made their home. Its views of the ever changing North Sea as well as local legends inspired Britten's tragic opera \"Peter Grimes.\" The main concert hall was once the largest barley \"maltings\" in East Anglia, used for malting grain until 1965. It was converted into a concert hall by British designers Arup Associates and opened by the Queen twice - once in 1967 and again, after being nearly destroyed by fire, in 1970. It's now one of the most important music venues in the east of England. If you go, the Maltings will probably be the most unusual concert hall you've ever visited. But it is just one of several buildings and outdoor spaces used for the festival and for year round education, artist development and community music. The festival, that the Guardian called \"arguably the best music event in Britain\", now spreads into the nearby towns of Snape, Blythburgh and Ipswich as well as the beach at Aldeburgh . In addition to opera and orchestral music it usually includes chamber music, contemporary music, an art show, walks in the Snape Marshes and talks. A program of alternative events in the Pumphouse, a disused Victorian pumphouse on the marshes, might include comedy, world music, jazz and theater. The site itself is home to tempting restaurants, shops and galleries (open year round) and the departure point for river trips along the Alde. One element that makes the Aldeburgh Festival so special is the campus setting, where audience members can mingle with music makers throughout the 17-day event. Aldeburgh Festival Essentials What: A festival of music, opera, and other performing arts founded by composer Benjamin Britten, English tenor Peter Pears, Britten's partner, and director and librettist Eric Crozier. When: Two weeks in June. In 2016, the festival will be held from June 10 to 26. Where: Snape Maltings , seven acres of restored Victorian buildings near the Alde Estuary near the Suffolk Coast Admission: Various ticket prices",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; According to legend, the Gordian Knot, cut by Alexander the Great, tethered a what?",
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"content": "Untying the Gordian Knot September 2001 Untying the Gordian Knot One day, according to ancient Greek legend, a poor peasant called Gordius arrived with his wife in a public square of Phrygia in an ox cart. As chance would have it, so the legend continues, an oracle had previously informed the populace that their future king would come into town riding in a wagon. Seeing Gordius, therefore, the people made him king. In gratitude, Gordius dedicated his ox cart to Zeus, tying it up with a highly intricate knot - - the Gordian knot. Another oracle -- or maybe the same one, the legend is not specific, but oracles are plentiful in Greek mythology -- foretold that the person who untied the knot would rule all of Asia. The problem of untying the Gordian knot resisted all attempted solutions until the year 333 B.C., when Alexander the Great -- not known for his lack of ambition when it came to ruling Asia -- cut through it with a sword. \"Cheat!\" you might cry. And although you might have been unwise to have pointed it out in Alexander's presence, his method did seem to go against the spirit of the problem. Surely, the challenge was to solve the puzzle solely by manipulating the knot, not by cutting it. But wait a minute. Alexander was no dummy. As a former student of Aristotle, he would have been no stranger to logical puzzles. After all, the ancient Greek problem of squaring the circle is easy to solve if you do not restrict yourself to the stipulated tools of ruler and compass. Today we know that the circle-squaring problem as posed by the Greeks is indeed unsolvable. Using ruler and compass you cannot construct a square with the same area as a given circle. Perhaps Alexander was able to see that the Gordian knot could not be untied simply by manipulating the rope. If so, then the knot surely could not have had any free ends. The two ends of the rope must have been spliced together. This, of course, would have made it a knot in the technical sense of modern mathematicians. Continuing under the assumption that many fine minds had been stumped by the Gordian knot problem, but no one had claimed the puzzle was unsolvable, we may conclude that in principle the knot could be untied, and everyone who looked closely enough could see this fact. In modern topological parlance, the loop of rope must have been in the form of an unknot. Thus, the Gordian knot was most likely constructed by first splicing the two ends of a length of rope to form a loop, and then \"tying\" the loop up (i.e. wrapping it around itself in some way) to disguise the fact that it was not really knotted. And everyone was stumped until Alexander came along and figured out that on this occasion the sword was mightier than the pen. (Of course, he did have a penchant for coming to that conclusion.) Now, when modern topologists study knots, they assume the knots are constructed out of perfectly flexible, perfectly stretchable, infinitely thin string. Under those assumptions, if the Gordian knot were really an unkotted loop, then it would have been possible to untie it, i.e., to manipulate it so it was in the form of a simple loop that does not cross itself. Thus, the only thing that could make it absolutely necessary to resort to a sword to untie it would be that the physical thickness of the actual rope prevented the necessary manipulations being carried out. In principle, this could have been done. The rope could have been thoroughly wetted prior to tying, then dried rapidly in the sun after tying to make it shrink. This is the explanation proposed recently by physicist Piotr Pieranski of the Poznan University of Technology in Poland and the biologist Andrzej Stasiak of the University of Lausanne in Switzerland. Physicists are interested in knots because the latest theories of matter postulate that everything is made up of tightly coiled (and maybe knotted) loops of space-time, and biologists are interested in knots because the long, string-like molecules of DNA coil themselves up tightly t",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The straight-legged high-kicking march used by many military forces, especially ceremonially, is popularly called the what?",
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"content": "CityPages Kuwait November 2013 by CityPages Kuwait (page 166) - issuu issuu HOMEWORK FOR GROWN UPS EVERYTHING YOU LEARNED AT SCHOOL... BUT CAN YOU REMEMBER? General Knowledge Quiz separate means: 2. As at 2013 what country boasted the four most profitable banks in the world? a) disjoined 3. What term refers to the off-putting banter directed by bowlers/fielders to opposing batsmen on a cricket pitch? b) unequal 4. London's aptly renamed 42-floor 'Tower 42' has a footprint equating to the triangulated-chevrons logo of which original owner? c) minor d) previous 5. The rights to which famous character were sold by creators Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster to Detective Comics for $130 in 1937? 6. The Bugatti car logo features which reversed capital letter in a ligature with B, standing for the founder (Bugatti's) first name? connection undone; having become separate. a) disjoined -Separate is an adjective that means have the 7. What work-related term popularly refers to loan companies which offer short-term unsecured personal loans at high interest rates? ANSWER: 1. What is the main ingredient of the modern breakfast food and energy bar called granola: Rice; Potato; Oats; or Coconut? Test Your Vocabulary 8. The term forensic refers to investigative technologies and sciences in relation to: Law and crime; Dead things; Tiny details; or Laboratories? 9. What is the traditional tradename for a person who works high up on church spires and chimneys? 10. The 'morna' is the national music and dance style of which central Atlantic archipelago island nation? 11. A cittern is a: Carpentry tool; Musical instrument; Bird; or Fivewheeled cycle? 12. What number features most prevalently internationally in toll-free or 'freefone' telephony: 600; 700; 800; or 900? 13. Name the CIA employee who famously became a whistleblower in 2013, revealing details of US/UK mass public surveillance? 14. Botija, udu, and ghatam are types of: Musical instruments; Rice; Vehicles; or Prayers? Cool Maths Puzzle What is a set of points that extends without end in opposite directions better known as? a) Ray b) Line c) Intercept d) Fractal 15. E20 and SW19 are codes famously associated with: Food; Sport; Aviation; or Cosmetics? 16. What Indian Hindi-Urdu-derived word, orginally a place of assembly, refers in English to a multi-event equestrian contest, and in India to various sporting facilities? 18. US composer/artist John Cage's most famous and controversial 1952 work, called 4'33\", requires the musician(s) to play for its entire threemovement 4mins 33secs duration: The same note; As many notes as possible; At maximum volume; or Nothing? JUMBLED WORDS T U L I Q L I Y L H 19. The straight-legged high-kicking march used by many military forces, especially ceremonially, is popularly called the what? S U M O F A 20. According to legend, the Gordian Knot, cut by Alexander the Great, tethered a what? R E B H A C citypageskuwait.com L O W L A F ANSWERS: 1.QUILT, 2.HILLY, 3.FAMOUS, 4.BREACH, 5.FALLOW ANSWERS 1.Oats, 2. China, 3. Sledging, 4. Natwest (fully National Westminster Bank - completed in 1980 as the National Westminster Tower), 5. Superman, 6. E (for Ettore), 7. Payday (Payday loan companies - because traditionally borrowers aim to make repayments on payday), 8. Law and crime (the word is from Roman times when forensis meant 'in open court', derived in turn from the Roman word forum, equating to a court), 9. Steeplejack, 10. Cape Verde, 11. Musical instrument (a basic form of lute from around the 1500s Europe), 12. 800 (common variations are 0800 and 1800, but in most nations of the world 800 is a recognized as a standard indicator of a toll-free/receiverpays phone number), 13. Edward Snowden, 14. Musical instruments, 15. Sport (E20 is the postcode of the 2012 London Olympic park, and SW19 is the postcode of the Wimbledon Tennis Club), 16. Gymkhana, 17. 14-17th, 18. Nothing, 19. Goosestep, 20. Cart 166 ANSWERS: b) Line 17. The Renaissance (from French, 're-birth') was a European cultural movement spanning which centuries: 4-7th; 7-10th; 14-",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who played Scrooge in the Muppets' Christmas Carol ?",
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"content": "The Muppet Christmas Carol | Muppet Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia The Muppet Christmas Carol Rated G The Muppet Christmas Carol is the fourth feature film to star the Muppets , and the first produced after the death of Muppets creator Jim Henson . Released in 1992, it was one of many film adaptations of Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol . Gonzo , claiming to be Dickens himself, narrates the story, with the help of Rizzo the Rat . Michael Caine plays Ebenezer Scrooge , with Muppets taking the rest of the parts — including Kermit the Frog as Bob Cratchit , Miss Piggy as Emily Cratchit , Robin the Frog as Tiny Tim , and Fozzie Bear as Fozziwig . Contents [ show ] Synopsis In this adaptation of the timeless story, narrated by Gonzo as Charles Dicken (assisted by Rizzo the Rat), it is Christmas Eve in 19th century London. The merriment is not shared by Ebenezer Scrooge, a surly money-lender who is more interested in profit than celebration. He is so cold to the season of giving that his book-keeping staff, including loyal employee Bob Cratchit ( Kermit the Frog ), has to plead with him just to have the day off work during Christmas by pointing out that Scrooge would have no customers on the holiday and that it would waste coal to sit alone in the office. Scrooge's nephew, Fred , arrives to invite his uncle to Christmas dinner, and two gentlemen ( Dr. Bunsen Honeydew and Beaker ) also come to Scrooge's offices, collecting money in the spirit of the season to provide a Christmas dinner for the poor. Scrooge rebuffs his nephew's invitation and, after his departure, shocks the charity collectors with his statement that the poor are looked after by prisons and workhouses, and their deaths will decrease the surplus population. Later that evening, Scrooge finds himself face to face with the still mean-spirited spirits of his former business partners, Jacob and Robert Marley ( Statler and Waldorf ), who have been condemned to shackles in the afterlife as payment for the horrible deeds they committed in life. Nonetheless, they warn him that he will share the same fate, only worse if he does not change his ways, and foretell the arrival of three spirits throughout the night. Scrooge is first visited by the Ghost of Christmas Past , who takes Scrooge on a journey back through time to his youth. He recalls his early school days, during which he focused on his studies; meeting of a young woman named Belle , with whom he would later fall in love; and the end of their relationship, despite Scrooge's protests that he would marry her as soon as he feels he has enough money to provide for them, but Belle knows he will most likely never have that, given his birthing obsession with money. Scrooge then meets the Ghost of Christmas Present , a large, festive spirit with a booming voice who lives only for the here and now. He gives Scrooge a glimpse into the holiday celebration of others, including Bob Cratchit, and his family who, although poor, are enjoying Christmas together and reveling in the anticipation of the Christmas goose. The Spirit also shows Scrooge's own family, who are not above cracking jokes at Scrooge's expense. Finally, Scrooge meets the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come , a silent entity who reveals the chilling revelation that young Tiny Tim will not survive the coming year, thanks in no small part to the impoverished existence of the Cratchit family. Furthermore, it is revealed that when Scrooge's own time has passed, others will certainly delight in his absence from the world. Upon seeing his headstone in the cemetery, it is the final epiphany that convinces Scrooge to change his ways and makes him vow to celebrate with his fellow man. Scrooge returns to his bedroom on Christmas Day, and he goes about the town spreading good deeds and charity. He enlists the help of Bean Bunny , at whom he threw a wreath earlier in the film, and the two travel around the town gathering items for a Christmas feast and giving gifts to characters who had previously been wronged by Scrooge. Scrooge tells his assistant, Bob Cratchit, that he is g",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Broderick Crawford won an Oscar as best actor for his part in which 1949 film",
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"content": "Broderick Crawford, Oscar Winner in 1949, Dies at 74 - latimes YOU ARE HERE: LAT Home → Collections Broderick Crawford, Oscar Winner in 1949, Dies at 74 April 27, 1986 |JERRY COHEN | Times Staff Writer Broderick Crawford, who won an Academy Award as best actor of 1949 for his role as a ruthless, scheming Southern political boss in \"All the King's Men\" but was better-known to recent generations as the beefy chief of television's \"Highway Patrol,\" died Saturday at Eisenhower Medical Center in Palm Springs. Crawford, 74, had suffered a series of strokes after one at a 1984 New Year's Eve party. He had been hospitalized at the medical center since earlier this month. The gravel-voiced Crawford was comparatively unknown to film audiences at the time that he was chosen to portray the uncouth but guileful Willie Stark in the film version of Robert Penn Warren's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel. He attracted rave reviews for his performance in what Life magazine called the \"most exciting film to come out of Hollywood\" that year. The movie, too, won an Academy Award as the best film of 1949. Crawford had made numerous films before \"King's Men\" and continued to make countless others afterwards, but he never again matched the critical acclaim he achieved in that movie, based loosely on the life of Huey Long, the populist governor of Louisiana and briefly a U.S. senator who was assassinated in 1935 in Baton Rouge. However, Crawford's greatest popularity came not as a film actor but as a television performer. From 1957 to 1967, he played the fast-talking Sgt. Dan Matthews in \"Highway Patrol.\" He later made two other television series, neither of which had the impact of the one in which his trademark was the expression \"Ten-Four, Ten-Four,\" which in police talk means, \"I understand.\" He was born William Broderick Crawford in Philadelphia, heir to an impressive theatrical tradition. His mother was the comedienne Helen Broderick, who first starred on the Broadway stage and later in films. His father, Lester Crawford, had a long career in vaudeville and sometimes toured with his wife as Broderick and Crawford. His maternal grandparents were singers. His parents did not raise their husky son to be an actor, even though he had a desultory grammar school education because he toured with one or the other--or both. Sent to Prep School Rather, the Crawfords sent the boy to a New England prep school, where he won letters in football and baseball and captained the swimming team. But upon his graduation, he joined his parents on a vaudeville tour and played minor parts in various sketches. They insisted, however, that he resume his education. He enrolled at Harvard--where he remained for three weeks until he decided that he was not suited to the academic life. He moved to New York City, where he worked for a time as a stevedore, then spent about seven months as an able-bodied seaman aboard a tanker before obtaining occasional parts in radio dramas. After that he turned to the stage, where he had some minor successes before obtaining a role that presaged the film celebrity that he would enjoy a dozen years later after the filming of \"All the King's Men.\" He created the role of the dimwitted Lennie in the 1937 theatrical version of John Steinbeck's novel, \"Of Mice and Men.\" The role in the film version of that drama went to Lon Chaney Jr., but Crawford moved to Hollywood anyway and played tough-guy roles in a series of B pictures and Westerns before joining the Army in 1942 and serving overseas as a sergeant for 18 months, fighting in the Battle of the Bulge. After World War II, he returned to Hollywood and was active in much the same kind of films that he had made before joining the Army. When director-producer Robert Rosen was looking for an actor to play Willie Stark, he did not want a big box office star. He opted for the powerfully built, raspy-voiced Crawford, who helped prepare for the part by studying newsreels and still photographs of Huey Long. \"All the King's Men\" and its principals received more than 30 awards, including the Academy Awards.",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which French city, the capital of the Core D'Or department is famous for its mustard?",
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"content": "Province of Bourgogne (Burgundy) and more! BOURGOGNE Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of east central France. The region's core is the fertile Rhone and Saone river valleys, where routes from Paris and the Rhineland to the Mediterranean converge. DIJON, a city famous as a gastronomic center, is the historic capital. Burgundy's WINEs, especially those of the celebrated Cote d'Or (\"Golden Slope\"), are among the world's most distinguished. The region prospered under Roman rule, with Autun becoming a center of learning and the capital of northeastern GAUL. By the 5th century the Burgundii, a Germanic tribe, had settled in the area and established a kingdom. In 534, Burgundy became part of the Frankish kingdom under the MEROVINGIANS and, after 751, the CAROLINGIANS. During the various partitions of the Carolingian empire in the 9th century, two Burgundian states emerged: Lower (sometimes called Cisjurane) Burgundy, or PROVENCE, in the south; and Upper Burgundy, which was further divided into Transjurane and Cisjurane sections, in the north. These were united (933) as another Kingdom of Burgundy, later called Arles, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire from the 11th century until 1378, when it was ceded to France. Two other, relatively independent, divisions had been formed in the 9th century: the duchy of Burgundy (corresponding to the modern region), which remained part of France, and the Free County of Burgundy, or FRANCHE-COMTE. The duchy was ruled by a cadet branch of the CAPETIANS from 1031 until 1361 when the line died out. The golden age of Burgundy commenced in 1363 when JOHN II, king of France, granted the duchy to his second son, PHILIP THE BOLD. With the death of his father-in-law in 1384, Philip added Flanders, Artois, Franche-Comte, and other lands to his holdings. Under his successors, JOHN THE FEARLESS, PHILIP THE GOOD, and CHARLES THE BOLD, Burgundy increased its territorial extent to include most of present-day Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as to Luxembourg, Alsace, and Lorraine. In the early 15th century the dukes of Burgundy sought to dominate French affairs (see ARMAGNACS AND BURGUNDIANS). When thwarted, they allied (1419) with England in the HUNDRED YEARS' WAR. Antagonism between the kings of France and the dukes of Burgundy climaxed with the defeat and death (1477) of Charles the Bold in battle near Nancy. Burgundy's northern territories passed to Habsburg rule while the duchy itself was annexed by the French king, Louis XI. Franche-Comte was acquired by France in 1678. Timothy J. Rickard Source: The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, Release #8, ©1996 Bibliography: Armstrong, C. A., England, France, and Burgundy in the 15th Century (1983); Vaughan, Richard, Philip the Bold: The Formation of the Burgundian State (1962), John the Fearless: The Growth of Burgundian Power (1966), and Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy (1970). Dijon Dijon is the capital of Côte d'Or department in east central France and is located at the junction of the Suzon and Ouche rivers about 270 km (168 mi) southeast of Paris. The population of the city is 151,636 (1990); that of the conurbation is 226,025. The Burgundy Canal connects the city with the Asone River and with the rivers of the Paris Basin. Dijon is located in a rich agricultural area in the northern end of the famous BURGUNDY wine district. Cassis, a black currant liqueur, originated there, as did Dijon mustard. The city has a large printing industry and manufactures electrical and optical equipment and pharmaceuticals. The city contains many art treasures and renowned buildings such as the Musée des Beaux-Arts. Wood-frame merchants' houses remain from the 15th and 16th centuries as well as two fine churches dating from the 13th century. Notre Dame, begun in 1229, is an excellent example of Burgundian Gothic architecture and has a well-preserved, elaborately carved exterior. The university was established in 1722. Saint-Michel church (15th-16th centuries) is a mixture of Gothic and Renaissance architecture. The site was first settled as",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which 1902 short story by W. W. Jacobs is based on the premise of three wishes coming true but with an enormous price for interfering with fate?",
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"content": "Audience Reviews for The Monkey's Paw ½ I was pleasantly surprised by this movie, particularly considering the last Chiller movie I saw, Deep in the Darkness wasn't very good. I suppose the quality of each film has more to do with the content of the film as opposed to the budget, but I'm assuming that this movie had around or the same budget as DITD, but I thought the scripting was a little better here, as was the acting. Stephen Lang is an underrated actor and he was one of the few things that I liked about Avatar and he does a good enough job here in this movie as well. I liked the progression of the story. Not that it's anything that great or compelling, but you're at least invested enough in wanting to see how the film's narrative plays out. The problems come in the fact that the film is pretty much has one tone through and through. I mean, I guess someone coming back from the dead, due to a wish granted from the monkey's paw, completely different and homicidal as opposed to who they were before they died is interesting, but I think the movie needs a little something more than Stephen Lang, literally, going all over New Orleans to kill a ton of people. Though, at the very least, the film tries to give you a reason for Lang's character's actions. He was having issues with his ex-wife, who took out a restraining order on him to stay away from her son. We don't know what happened in their past, but it can't have been good if the restraining order got approved. Lang's character laments the fact that he isn't allowed to see his son before he dies and after he comes back, he's a little more, let's say, assertive about wanting to see his son again. So at least there's a motivation for why Lang's character is doing what he's doing, so that's always good to see. Like I said, the film doesn't really branch out much out of its initial tone, so it always ends up feeling the same, though I did think the climax was solid and there was some good acting involved here. I definitely think this is a movie that overachieves from, what some would describe, a limited scope. It's not that I would say that this is good or anything, because it isn't, and it doesn't really do anything wholly unique. But I did think the film told a story that had you invested in seeing it all the way to its conclusion and some solid acting to elevate its weaker elements. It's not a good movie, or anything like that, but I was pleasantly surprised by this. I wouldn't exactly recommend it, but it's not a terrible movie at all, it's average at best. Jesse Ortega",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which gas has the chemical formula CH4?",
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"content": "Chemical formula for methane Methane Chemical formula for methane Methane is a colorless highly flammable gas that is less dense than air. The methane molecule consists of four hydrogen atoms covalently one carbon atom. The chemical formula for methane is CH4 which is the simplest hydrocarbon of the alkane series. The molar mass of methane is 16.043 g/mol Methane is a major component of natural gas and is also produced from by anaerobic bacteria in septic tanks and in the digestive systems of animals. Methane readily undergoes combustion producing carbon dioxide and water. Methane + oxygen ==> carbon dioxide + water + energy CH4 + 2O2 ==> CO2 + 2H2O + energy",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is armour called that consisted of riveted metal rings or links",
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"content": "Chain Mail Demystifying Chain Mail and Ring Mail by Dan Howard Introduction A common question from armour novices is “what is the difference between chain mail and ring mail?” This question is not a straightforward one to answer. A lot of the problems we have today with mail terminology can be traced back to scholars of the 18th-19th centuries. These days we define “mail” as it was defined in the Middle Ages. It consists of a “fabric” of interlocked metal rings which form a strong, flexible, mesh armour. Each ring is linked through four others, two in the row above it and two below. Although there were variations, this “4-in-1” pattern was by far the most prevalent. The word “mail” is derived through the Old English mayle, French maille, and Italian maglia, from the Latin macula meaning the mesh of a net. Chain Mail The above definition of mail was not the one used by Victorian scholars, though. They used the word “mail” in a more general sense – to describe any sort of metallic body armour (i.e. “mail” = “armour”). One of the first to use this inaccurate terminology was Francis Grose, who wrote in the late 18th century.(1) It is common to see the word “mail” in translations of early texts in instances where it is clear that the subjects cannot have been wearing mail. One well-known example is the biblical description of Goliath wearing a coat of mail weighing 5,000 shekels of bronze [Samuel, 17.5-6]. The use of the word “mail” in this instance was not meant to be specifically referring to “true” (4-in-1) mail, but as a general term to describe armour – in this case, bronze scale armour.(2) Other examples of the misuse of this word include using plate mail and scale mail instead of plate armour and scale armour. Because of this overly-generic use of the term “mail,” a word was needed to differentiate true mail from other types of body armour – hence the term “chain mail.” If the word “mail” is used in its correct context then “chain mail” is superfluous and does not need to be used at all. Meyrick The other major problem with mail terminology came from initial attempts to interpret contemporary illustrations. Samuel Rush Meyrick, writing early in the 19th century attempted a very “literal” interpretation of the armour depicted in contemporary effigies and illustrations (such as the Bayeux Tapestry) and invented a variety of constructions to closely resemble them.(3) These constructions included banded mail, tegulated mail, mascled mail, and trelliced mail. It has since been demonstrated that most of Meyrick’s proposals were either impractical or could not be physically reconstructed to resemble contemporary representations. (see Figure One) Figure One Doubts about Meyrick’s work began to be expressed later in that century by scholars such as Hewitt, Laking, and Ffoulkes, but some writers such as Ashdown (4) and Viollet-le-duc (5) perpetuated Meyrick’s inaccuracies into the 20th century, to be picked up and used by some modern writers, including the authors of many fantasy roleplaying games. The final word on this subject seems to have been had by Claude Blaire in the middle of the 20th century (6) and since that time no armour scholar has seriously considered Meyrick’s theories to be valid. The general consensus today is that the difficulties involved in realistically illustrating medieval mail led to a variety of stylistic conventions, and that all of the contemporary illustrations and effigies are depicting nothing more elaborate than typical 4-in-1 mail. Ring Mail One of the types of armour interpreted from contemporary illustrations was given the term “ring mail.” Meyrick’s definition of ring mail consisted of a foundation garment upon which non-interlocking metal rings were attached. Today this would be more accurately termed “ring armour” not “ring mail,” since it does not form an interlinked mesh. As has already been said, illustrations and effigies depicting medieval armour are all likely to be different methods of rendering the same construction (i.e. 4-in-1 mail). There is no evidence to suggest that “ring armo",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What disability did singer Al Hibbler have?",
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"content": "Al Hibbler - Hollywood Star Walk - Los Angeles Times Hollywood Star Walk Died April 24, 2001 in Chicago, Ill. Al Hibbler, a singer with an idiosyncratic baritone style, was known for his work with the Duke Ellington Orchestra in the 1940s and early '50s. A versatile singer who could handle ballads, standards and, at times, an earthy blues number, Hibbler also used a style that Ellington called \"tonal pantomime.\" In this style, Hibbler affected a Cockney accent, which he would often punctuate with odd tonal distortions and growls. And while tonal pantomime was popular with audiences, Leonard Feather expressed the view of many jazz critics that the affectation did little to enhance Hibbler's ability to sing a first-rate blues song or a vibrant unmannered ballad. Born in Little Rock, Ark., and blind from birth, Hibbler attended the Conservatory for the Blind in his hometown and sang in the school's choir. After winning an amateur talent contest in Memphis, Hibbler started his own band in San Antonio before joining Jay McShann's big band in 1942. A year later, Hibbler started an eight-year association with Ellington. During the Ellington years, he won the Downbeat magazine award as best band vocalist and the New Star Award from Esquire magazine. Appearing on several Ellington recordings, he was known for his renditions of songs such as \"Do Nothing Til You Hear From Me\" and \"I'm Just a Lucky So and So.\" Hibbler left the Ellington organization in 1951 in an apparent dispute over his desire to freelance. He went on to record with Ellington's son, Mercer, as well as with Billy Taylor, Count Basie, Gerald Wilson and Rahsaan Roland Kirk. His versions of \"The Very Thought of You,\" \"Stardust\" and \"Unchained Melody\" became popular favorites, with \"Unchained Melody\" hitting No. 3 on the record charts. In the early 1960s, Hibbler was one of the first artists signed by Frank Sinatra to record on his new label, Reprise. Active in the civil rights movement, Hibbler led demonstrators in desegregation marches in 1963 in downtown Birmingham, Ala. But while others in the protest march were jailed by the city's public safety commissioner, Eugene \"Bull\" Conner, Hibbler was detained briefly and released because he was blind. Hibbler was disappointed at the police response, saying: \"I went downtown simply to be arrested, but they even segregated me. . . . That is segregation at its highest level.\" In 1971, Hibbler performed \"When the Saints Go Marching In\" at the funeral of jazz trumpeter Louis Armstrong. — Jon Thurber in the Los Angeles Times April 28, 2001 Related",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which British Prime Minister said, on first taking office, 'My mission is to pacify Ireland'?",
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"content": "BBC - History - British History in depth: Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline On This Day Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline Do you know which prime minister brought 'fallen women' to 10 Downing Street? Or which one fought a duel? Or who was known as 'the Goat'? Take a political journey through nearly 300 years of high ideals and low cunning, from Gordon Brown to the first man to hold prime ministerial powers, Robert Walpole. Margaret Thatcher Conservative, 1979 - 1990 Britain's first female prime minister came to power with the country descending into industrial and economic chaos. A relatively inexperienced politician, she nonetheless adopted a personal style of indomitable self-confidence and brooked no weakness in herself or her colleagues. Derisively dubbed the 'Iron Lady' by the Soviet press, she wore the moniker with pride. Her government's free-market policies included trade liberalisation, deregulation, sweeping privatisation, breaking the power of the unions, focus on the individual and the creation of an 'enterprise culture'. 'Thatcherism' has had a profound and lasting economic and social impact on Britain, and still sharply divides opinion to this day. The first PM to serve three consecutive terms (including two 'landslide' victories) she was eventually toppled by her own party following the disastrous imposition of a 'poll tax'. Nonetheless, she is generally considered to be one of the best peace time prime ministers of the 20th Century. James Callaghan Labour, 1976 - 1979 Callaghan inherited the office of prime minister following the surprise resignation of Harold Wilson. With only a tiny parliamentary majority to support him, he faced an increasingly one-sided confrontation with organised labour in the form of rampant strike action. Things came to a head in the so-called 'Winter of Discontent', a phrase from Shakespeare borrowed by Callaghan himself to describe the events leading up to February 1979. Britain was 'strikebound', with public servants staging mass walk outs, leaving food and fuel supplies undelivered, rubbish uncollected and - most notoriously - bodies unburied. Things became so bad in Hull it was dubbed 'the second Stalingrad'. The tabloid press has since been accused of overstating the severity of the situation (and wrongly quoting him as saying 'Crisis? What Crisis?') but it was enough at the time to sound the death knell for Callaghan's government later in the same year. Harold Wilson Labour, 1974 - 1976 In March 1974, Wilson became prime minister for the third time at the head of a minority government, following the first hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) for 45 years. Often described as a wily fixer and negotiator, it took all of his skills to hold on to power in the face of economic and industrial turmoil. His party was also sharply divided, with many Labour members of parliament (MPs) bitter about Wilson's manoeuvring against his colleagues. He called another general election in October 1974, thereby ending the shortest parliament since 1681, and was returned to office with a majority of just three seats. He presided over a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), and a collapse in the value of the pound which prompted a humiliating 'rescue operation' by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Exhausted, Wilson resigned saying 'politicians should not go on and on'. Edward Heath Conservative, 1970 - 1974 Heath succeeded in taking Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union, despite two previous failed attempts by Britain to gain entry, in 1961 and 1967. But his government was dogged by torrid industrial relations and recurrent economic crises. Things came to a head in January 1974, when industry was put on a 'three-day week' to conserve fuel. Fuel was in dangerously short supply following a combination of domestic industrial action (coal miners on 'work-to-rule') and a quadrupling of prices by Middle Eastern oil exporting nations in the wake of Israel's victory in the Yom Kipp",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"Andalusia, Catalonia, Galicia, Aragon, Castilla y Len, Castile-La Mancha, and Extremadura are \"\"autonomous communities\"\" in which nation?\"",
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"content": "Autonomous communities of Spain | history, king, institution, law | INMSOL Autonomous communities of Spain 3 August, 2010 An autonomous community (Spanish: Comunidad Autónoma) is the first-level political division of the Kingdom of Spain, established in accordance with the Spanish Constitution. The second article of the constitution recognizes the rights of “regions and nationalities” to self-government and declares the “indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation”. Political power in Spain is channeled by a central government and 17 autonomous communities. These regional governments are responsible for schools, universities, health, social services, culture, urban and rural development and, in some places, policing. There are also two autonomous cities. In all, under the autonomías system, Spain has been quoted to be “remarkable for the extent of the powers peacefully devolved over the past 30 years” and “an extraordinarily decentralised country”, with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending; the regional governments 38%, the local councils 13% and the social-security system the rest. Constitutional framework Upon the passing of the Constitution of 1978, Spain created a unique system of regional autonomy, known as the “state of the autonomies”.The second article of the constitution grants the right of self-government to the regions and nationalities that compose the Spanish nation. In the exercise of the right to self-government recognized in that article, autonomy was to be granted to: two or more adjacent provinces with common historical, cultural and economical characteristics, insular territories, and a single province with historical identity or status. As such, the province, which is also a territorial local entity recognized by the constitution,serves as the framework from which the autonomous communities were to be created. However, the constitution allows exceptions to the above, namely that the Spanish Parliament reserves the right to: authorize, in the nation’s interest, the constitution of an autonomous community even if it is a single province without a historical regional identity; and authorize or grant autonomy to those entities or territories that are not constituted as provinces. Once an autonomous community had been constituted, the 145th article of the constitution prohibits the federation or union of two or more autonomous communities. Between 1979 and 1983, all the regions in Spain had been constituted as autonomous communities; in 1996 the process was closed when the autonomous status of Ceuta and Melilla was passed: Catalonia, the Basque Country and Galicia—as “historical nationalities”— were granted autonomy through a fast and simplified process; Andalusia was not a historical nationality (one that a had a statute of autonomy before the civil war). However, Andalusia was able to acomplish the requirements established by Congress to develop their autonomy through the fast process. Aragon, Castilla y León, Castile-La Mancha, Extremadura and the Valencian Community were granted autonomy as communities integrated by two or more provinces with common historical characteristics; the Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands were granted autonomy as insular territories, the former comprising two provinces; Cantabria, Asturias, La Rioja, and the Region of Murcia were granted autonomy as single provinces with historical regional identity, as well as Navarra, even though the latter was granted autonomy through the “update and improvement” of the medieval charters (in Spanish fueros); the Community of Madrid was constituted for the nation’s interest; Ceuta and Melilla, both cities, were granted autonomy—albeit limited—in spite of not being provinces themselves, in exercise of the rights reserved by the Spanish Parliament. As a general rule, the autonomies who were granted its autonomy through the fast process have more competences and higher levels of autonomy. These competences and autonomy rights are not defined in a closed list, they can change over time. The basic institutional law",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who plays Rachel in Friends",
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"content": "Rachel Green | Friends Central | Fandom powered by Wikia Rachel Karen Green-Geller is a fictional character on the popular U.S. television sitcom Friends (1994–2004). She is played by Jennifer Aniston , who received Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe for her performance. Contents [ show ] Early Life Rachel Karen Green was born to Leonard and Sandra Green , who gave her and her two sisters Jill and Amy , a rather spoiled upbringing. She met Monica Geller for the first time when they were both six years old and they quickly became best friends, remaining exactly that from then until attending the same high school. Rachel also soon met Monica's older brother, Ross , who developed a crush on her which he ultimately decided to keep to himself. She was also involved with an unpleasant-natured fellow high school student named Chip, who arrived late to take her out to the high school prom. When it appeared that Chip was never going to arrive, Ross, after being encouraged by his parents Jack and Judy , decided to ask her out himself, but missed his chance when Chip arrived before he could ask her. She soon learned how unpleasant, careless and unfaithful at his core Chip was when he ditched her at the prom to have sex with another girl named Amy Welsh . Rachel herself, however, was a bully to an overweight student named Will Colbert , spurring him and his friend, Ross, who dealt with the fact that she never seemed to notice his feelings for her in a very immature way, to form an \"I Hate Rachel Green\" Club and spread a rumour about her, saying that she, as Ross put it, \"had both male and female reproductive parts\" and that, as Will put it, \"her parents flipped a coin and decided to raise her as a girl\" which everyone in the entire high school (apart from Rachel herself) heard (which may or may not have influenced Chip's unfaithfulness towards her). Rachel also met Chandler Bing for the first time at Thanksgiving at Ross and Monica's house. Eventually drifting apart from Monica and Ross, Rachel met and got engaged to an orthodontist named Barry Farber, another careless and unpleasant-natured individual who was unfaithful toward her, cheating on her with both her best friend, Mindy and her selfish, shallow, unpleasant, self-absorbed sister Amy (although she didn't learn of this until after she eventually broke it off with him). Later, though, Rachel sleeps with him while he's engaged to Mindy, her former best friend. Rachel's first appearance in The Pilot . In 1994, Rachel jilts Barry at the altar and climbs out of the restroom window before running into Central Perk in a rain-soaked wedding dress, having just discovered she is more turned on by a gravy boat than by Barry. Her search for Monica , who she hasn't spoken to in several years, ends as she sees her and tells her what happened. Monica introduces Rachel to the rest of the group: Chandler, Joey, Phoebe and also reunites her with Ross, who eventually decides to suggest that he may someday ask her out on a date, a proposition she does not object to. Rachel confronts her father over the phone about her fleeing from the wedding and announces that she's moving in with Monica. She is excited about this new phase in life, until she is forced to get a job because her father has cut her off financially. She becomes a waitress at Central Perk. (\" The Pilot \") Rachel is worried about returning her engagement ring back to Barry. When she visits him at his orthodontist office, she learns that he was cheating on her with her best friend Mindy Hunter . He also reveals that he went on their honeymoon with Mindy, which makes Rachel even more upset. She returns the ring and later takes comfort with Ross. (\" The One With George Stephanopoulos \") Ross falsely claims that his laundromat has suffered a rat infestation so he can spend time with Rachel at her laundromat. Rachel gets into an argument with a bully at the laundry mat who attempts to steal her machine, even though the former had already placed her basket on top of the aforementioned machine. Ross stands up for Rachel and the bully leaves, b",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Regular American gasoline has what octane rating?",
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"content": "Paying a Premium for High Octane Gasoline? | Consumer Information Paying a Premium for High Octane Gasoline? Related Items Report Labeling Problems Read Your Owner’s Manual Unless your engine is knocking, buying higher octane gasoline is a waste of money. Premium gas costs 15 to 20 cents per gallon more than regular. That can add up to $100 or more a year in extra costs. Studies indicate that altogether, drivers may be spending hundreds of millions of dollars each year for higher octane gas than they need. It may seem like buying higher octane “premium” gas is like giving your car a treat, or boosting its performance. But take note: the recommended gasoline for most cars is regular octane. In fact, in most cases, using a higher octane gasoline than your owner's manual recommends offers absolutely no benefit. It won't make your car perform better, go faster, get better mileage, or run cleaner. Your best bet: listen to your owner's manual. The only time you might need to switch to a higher octane level is if your car engine knocks when you use the recommended fuel. This happens to a small percentage of cars. About Octane Ratings What are octane ratings? Octane ratings measure a gasoline's ability to resist engine knock — a rattling or pinging sound that results from premature ignition of the compressed fuel-air mixture in one or more cylinders. Most gas stations offer three octane grades: regular (usually 87 octane), mid-grade (usually 89 octane), and premium (usually 92 or 93). The ratings are posted on bright yellow stickers on each gas pump. What's the right octane level for your car? Check your owner's manual. Regular octane is recommended for most cars. However, some cars with high compression engines, like sports cars and certain luxury cars, need mid-grade or premium gasoline to prevent knocking. How can you tell if you're using the right octane level? Listen to your car's engine. If it doesn't knock when you use the recommended octane, you're using the right grade of gasoline. Will higher octane gasoline clean your engine better? No, as a rule, high octane gasoline doesn’t outperform regular octane in preventing engine deposits from forming, in removing them, or in cleaning your car's engine. In fact, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requires that all octane grades of all brands of gasoline contain engine cleaning detergent additives to protect against the build-up of harmful levels of engine deposits during the expected life of your car. Should you ever switch to a higher octane gasoline? A few car engines may knock or ping even if you use the recommended octane. If this happens, try switching to the next highest octane grade. In many cases, switching to the mid-grade or premium-grade gasoline will eliminate the knock. If the knocking or pinging continues after one or two fill-ups, you may need a tune-up or some other repair. After that work is done, go back to the lowest octane grade at which your engine runs without knocking. Will knocking harm my engine? Occasional light knocking or pinging won't harm your engine, and doesn't mean you need a higher octane. But a heavy or persistent knock can lead to engine damage. Is all \"premium\" or \"regular\" gasoline the same? The octane rating of gas labeled \"premium\" or \"regular\" isn’t the same across the country. One state may require a minimum octane rating of 92 for all premium gasoline, while another may allow 90 octane to be called premium. To make sure you know what you're buying, check the octane rating on the yellow sticker on the gas pump. Report Labeling Problems If you don't see a yellow octane sticker on a gasoline pump, file a complaint with the FTC. The FTC enforces the Fuel Rating Rule, designed to ensure producers and marketers give you the information you need at the pump.",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; No Direction Home is a documentary about whom?",
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"content": "Film & History Contact Us No Direction Home No Direction Home (Directed by Martin Scorsese, 2005) No Direction Home traces the meteoric rise of Bob Dylan to the unsought status of American prophet and the fall from grace that resulted in his withdrawal from public performance in 1966 for nearly a decade. Through more than three hours of interviews with Dylan and his contemporaries and footage of his early performances, placed into context by historical clips of significant events, Scorsese attempts to answer the questions that continue to intrigue many Americans. Scorsese begins by giving us a glimpse into 1950s life in Hibbing, Minnesota, an iron mining and steel making town teetering on the precipice of one of America’s largest open cut pits. It was almost inevitable that the adolescent Robert Zimmerman, and a good number of his contemporaries left Hibbing, many of them joining the swell of students entering America’s colleges and universities. Dylan was drawn to the rebels, Marlon Brando and James Dean. Scorsese’s documentary includes a clip of Brando in the 1953 movie The Wild Ones. Dylan says, “James Dean, Marlon Brando and The Wild Ones didn’t just spring up from nowhere…Time and progress obliterated the past as it was when I was growing up.” Dylan finished high school and came to college in Minneapolis as ‘a musical expeditionary’. It was in the bohemian coffee shops of Dinkytown that Bobby Zimmerman became Bob Dylan. While he did not attend formal classes, the teenager undertook a self-directed crash-course in musical history and technique. Dylan heard a record by Oklahoma dust bowl singer Woody Guthrie. “He was a radical,” Dylan recalls. “You could listen to his music and learn how to live.” Dylan learned Guthrie’s repertoire and, in 1961, set out for New York, where Guthrie was living in ‘some kind of hospital’, to visit him. Scorsese’s portrayal of New York in 1961 has a voice-over of President John F. Kennedy’s famous inaugural speech. “The torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans,” the nation’s first Catholic president says. Scorsese introduces us to the Beat scene in Greenwich Village through original footage and conversations with musicians including Liam Clancy and Dave Van Ronk. Mike Marqusee says the folk music revival had been shaped by the desire of early leftists to “Americanize” their ‘seemingly alien’ Marxist movement. The revival was halted by the Cold War paranoia of the McCarthy era, with Pete Seeger and The Weavers blacklisted, leftist leader Alan Lomax exiled in Europe, and Woody Guthrie crippled with Huntington’s chorea. By the late 1950s, the remaining faithful were eking out a living in Greenwich Village. Izzy Young, who opened the Folklore Center in Macdougal Street in 1957, says in No Direction Home that he and other men of the left recognized that the young Dylan would be the one to carry on the tradition established by Guthrie and Seeger. Dylan certainly seemed to be a ‘fellow traveler’, spending hours in the Folklore Center listening to records and reading songbooks. With the rock ‘n’ roll he’d immersed himself in during his teenage years and his apprenticeship performing in the coffee houses, Dylan’s musical education prepared him well for the next phase, as a songwriter. He says: “I kinda went through Woody Guthrie…but I didn’t want to go through him as though it was just negligible…I didn’t consider myself a songwriter at all but I knew I had to write it and sing it.” As a farewell gesture, Dylan wrote his first song, Song to Woody. A performance at Gerde’s Folk City attracted media attention and he was offered a recording contract by John Hammond at Columbia. Scorsese contextualizes the political atmosphere of the era, introducing Suze Rotolo, the girl photographed arm in arm with Dylan on the cover of The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan, who was working for the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). In 1961, CORE had sent a group of ‘freedom riders’ on buses into the South to test a federal court civil rights ruling banning segregation on buses and trains. “They were traumatic t",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"Who played OJ Simpson in the 2016 TV series \"\"The People v OJ Simpson\"\"?\"",
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"content": "The People v. O.J. Simpson: American Crime Story (TV Series 2016– ) - IMDb IMDb Doctor Strange Confirmed to Appear in ‘Thor: Ragnarok’ 10 hours ago There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The People v. O.J. Simpson: American Crime Story American Crime Story (original title) TV-MA | An anthology series centered around some of history's most famous criminals, including O.J Simpson. Creators: Johnnie Cochran and F. Lee Bailey go across the country to acquire the Mark Fuhrman tapes. 9.3 Closing statements are given and the jury must decide the verdict. Effects of the verdict are highlighted for both sides, as well as the community. 9.3 Tensions rise as the defense starts taking aims at racial implications in the case, and as Marcia faces an ongoing divorce and negative representation in the media. 9.0 The Love in Sterling K. Brown's Family Photos Will Wrap Around You Like a Warm Blanket 2 hours ago | Popsugar.com a list of 35 titles created 16 Nov 2013 a list of 42 titles created 30 Jan 2014 a list of 34 titles created 04 May 2014 a list of 41 titles created 6 months ago a list of 30 titles created 2 months ago Title: The People v. O.J. Simpson: American Crime Story (2016– ) 8.5/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 5 Golden Globes. Another 33 wins & 52 nominations. See more awards » Videos After a night of partying with a female stranger, a man wakes up to find her stabbed to death and is charged with her murder. Stars: Riz Ahmed, Bill Camp, Peyman Moaadi Making a Murderer (TV Series 2015) Documentary | Crime Filmed over a 10-year period, Steven Avery , a DNA exoneree who, while in the midst of exposing corruption in local law enforcement, finds himself the prime suspect in a grisly new crime. ... See full summary » Stars: Dolores Avery, Steven Avery, Ken Kratz Filmmaker Andrew Jarecki examines the complicated life of reclusive real estate icon, Robert Durst , the key suspect in a series of unsolved crimes. Stars: Robert Durst, Andrew Jarecki, Gary Napoli The Night Manager (TV Mini-Series 2016) Crime | Drama | Mystery The night manager of a Cairo hotel is recruited to infiltrate an arms dealer's inner circle. Stars: Tom Hiddleston, Hugh Laurie, Elizabeth Debicki It is the defining cultural tale of modern America - a saga of race, celebrity, media, violence, and the criminal justice system. And two decades after its unforgettable climax, it continues to fascinate, polarize, and develop new chapters. Director: Ezra Edelman Better Call Saul (TV Series 2015) Crime | Drama The trials and tribulations of criminal lawyer, Jimmy McGill, in the time leading up to establishing his strip-mall law office in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Stars: Bob Odenkirk, Jonathan Banks, Rhea Seehorn A high school teacher travels back in time to prevent John F. Kennedy's assassination. Stars: James Franco, Sarah Gadon, George MacKay Various chronicles of deception, intrigue and murder in and around frozen Minnesota. Yet all of these tales mysteriously lead back one way or another to Fargo, ND. Stars: Billy Bob Thornton, Martin Freeman, Allison Tolman True Detective (TV Series 2014) Crime | Drama | Mystery An anthology series in which police investigations unearth the personal and professional secrets of those involved, both within and outside the law. Stars: Vince Vaughn, Colin Farrell, Rachel McAdams Two cousins, with different views on art versus commerce, on their way up through the Atlanta rap scene; \"Earnest 'Earn' Marks,\" an ambitious college drop-out and his estranged cousin, who suddenly becomes a star. Stars: Donald Glover, Brian Tyree Henry, Keith Stanfield American Horror Story (TV Series 2011) Drama | Horror | Thriller An anthology series that centers on different characters and locations, including a murder house, an",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which was the second bridge to be built over the Thames in central London?",
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"content": "Westminster Bridge | London Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia 1862 The first Westminster Bridge as painted by Canaletto, 1746. Westminster Bridge, around 1750. The proprietors of the bridge had to pay compensation to the operators of the earlier 'Horseferry', and to local watermen. Westminster Bridge and surrounding landmarks at night. The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons by J. M. W. Turner, 1835, with Westminster Bridge on the right. Westminster Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge over the River Thames between Westminster , Middlesex bank, and Lambeth , Surrey bank in what is now Greater London . History Edit For over 500 years, the nearest bridge to London Bridge was at Kingston. Proposals for a bridge at Westminster had been made as early as 1664. These were opposed by the Corporation of London and the watermen. Despite further opposition in 1722 and after a new timber bridge was built at Putney in 1729, the scheme received parliamentary approval in 1736. Financed by private capital, lotteries and grants, Westminster Bridge, designed by the Swiss architect Charles Labelye, was built between 1739-1750. It was only the second bridge crossing to be built across the Thames below Kingston when opened. The City of London responded to Westminster Bridge by removing the buildings on London Bridge and widening it in 1760-63. The City also commenced work on the Blackfriars Bridge, which opened in 1769. Other bridges from that time include Kew Bridge (1759), Battersea Bridge (1773), and Richmond Bridge (1777). The bridge was required to assist in the development of both South London and to give access directly to the south-coast ports for the north-bank expansion of the 'West End', without traffic having to make its way through the already over-congested routes, of the Strand and New Oxford Street, into the City and across London Bridge. A group of by-pass roads were also developed to facilitate this, resulting in the complex junction at Elephant & Castle in Southwark, then part of Surrey. By the mid 19th century it was subsiding badly and expensive to maintain. The current bridge was designed by Thomas Page and opened in 1862. With an overall length of 252 metres (826.8 ft) and a 26 metre width, it is a seven-arch wrought iron bridge which has Gothic detailing by Charles Barry (the architect of the Palace of Westminster). It is the only bridge over the Thames that spans seven arches and is the oldest bridge in the central area of the river Thames. When constructed it incorporated two 2 metre wide tramways, the tracks were removed in 1952. The bridge is painted predominantly green, the same colour as the leather seats in the House of Commons which is on the side of the Palace of Westminster nearest the bridge. This is in contrast to Lambeth Bridge which is red, the same colour as the seats in the House of Lords and is on the opposite side of the Houses of Parliament. In 2005 it underwent a complete refurbishment, which was finished in 2007. This sought to restore it to its former glory by replacing the iron fascias and repainting the whole bridge. The work was completed by contractors Interserve and engineers Tony Gee and Partners. It links the Palace of Westminster on the west side of the river with County Hall and the London Eye on the east and was the finishing point during the early years of the London Marathon. The next bridge downstream is Hungerford footbridge and upstream is Lambeth Bridge. The bridge was given Grade II* listed structure in 1981. In popular culture Edit In the 2002 science fiction film 28 Days Later, the protagonist awakes from a coma to find London deserted, and walks over the Westminster Bridge whilst looking for people. Westminster Bridge is the start and finish point for the Bridges Handicap Race, a traditional London running race. William Wordsworth wrote the sonnet Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802. In the British Science Fiction series Doctor Who, Westminster Bridge has been used for various location shots. It was used originally in 1964 in the serial The Dalek Invasi",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; \"Who plays Preston Burke in the US TV series \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\"?\"",
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"content": "Grey’s Anatomy Season 10 Spoilers: Special Cristina Yang Episode; Preston Burke Returns | AsianPin Home / What's Hot / Grey’s Anatomy Season 10 Spoilers: Special Cristina Yang Episode; Preston Burke Returns Grey’s Anatomy Season 10 Spoilers: Special Cristina Yang Episode; Preston Burke Returns on March 7, 2014 in What's Hot 159 views 0 Season 10 spoilers alert! There will be a special Cristina Yang episode, and Preston Burke will be returning to the TV show. The Cristina Yang episode is meant to be a last hurrah for actress Sandra Oh, who plays the complex surgeon. She announced her departure from the medical drama last August after playing the character for the last 10 years. Her contract expires at the end of Season 10, which will be her last. She told , “Creatively, I really feel like I gave it my all, and I feel ready to let her go. It’s such an interesting thing to play a character for so long and to actually get the sense that she wants to let go as well. Cristina wants to be let go, and I am ready to let her go. We have to start the process, story-wise, for the writers to think of why she’s going to go.” reports that the episode, which will air on March 27, will reportedly be titled “Do You Know.” Now ABC and creator Shonda Rhimes has confirmed that one of the show’s original actors, Isaiah Washington, will be coming back for one episode. He will be once again stepping into the shoes of his old character, Dr. Preston Burke, who was Dr. Cristina Yang’s first love interest. Washington had a controversial exit from the show in 2007, when he let loose a derogatory term at the Golden Globes press room. It was also reported that he had differences with his co-stars Patrick Dempsey and T.R. Knight. Rhimes explained that he is needed for the special episode, because his return will give Cristina Yang’s departure a full-circle moment. “It is important to me that Cristina’s journey unfolds exactly as it should. Burke is vital to that journey.”",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which British explorer arrived in Tahiti in 1769?",
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"content": "French Polynesia: History - TripAdvisor Want the lowest hotel prices? You're in the right place. We check 200+ sites for you. French Polynesia: History Review a place you’ve visited JOIN Free Newsletter Interested in French Polynesia? We'll send you updates with the latest deals, reviews and articles for French Polynesia each week. French Polynesia Traveler Article: Read more about French Polynesia Topics include Transportation, Things to Do, Dining Scene, For Foreign Visitors & more! Comments (0) The Marquesas Islands are believed to have been settled in around 300 AD by Polynesians from Tonga and Samoa Islands. The western portion of French Polynesia was likely inhabited by around 800 AD. Europeans began exploring the region in 1767, when British explorer Samuel Wallis came upon what has become known as Tahiti. French navigator Louis Antoine de Bougainville followed soon after, and in 1769, British explorer Captain James Cook arrived. Cook gave Tahiti its name and called its surrounding islands the Society Islands after his sponsor, Britain’s Royal Society. In 1796, the first European settlers arrived from the London Missionary Society. In 1815 Pomare II, a prominent local chief, had converted to Christianity, and the religion spread quickly through the French Polynesia. French Catholic missionaries arrived in the area in 1836, but were driven out by Christian Tahitians. The expulsion of these missionaries, along with interest in building a naval base in the South Pacific, heightened French interest. In 1842, France made the Marquesas and Tahiti a protectorate, and soon colonized other islands in the region. In 1880, King Pomare V officially ceded his kingdom of Tahiti and Moorea to France. The islands became part of French Oceania. The boundaries of French Polynesia were set in 1900 by the annexation of the Austral Islands. In the early 20th century Tahiti’s port town of Papeete became the main economic, administrative, and religious center for the region. During World War Two, the island of Bora Bora became a fueling station for United States forces. American influence during and after the war helped inspire French Polynesian nationalism and the desire for more cultural, economic, and political freedom. In 1946 the colony became an overseas territory of France, and a territorial assembly was created to manage local affairs. In the late 1940s an independence movement emerged in the region. However, in a referendum held in 1958, island voters chose to remain a territory of France rather than become independent and lose French economic aid. Movements for greater autonomy continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s, resulting in several statutes that gave the territorial government more power, though to this day it remains a French protectorate. An international airport opened in Papeete in 1963, spurring major growth in tourism. Today, the economies of French Polynesia are based almost entirely on tourism, with a decreasing portion of the population relying on traditional subsistence agriculture. Share your knowledge",
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trivia_qa_1505399
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who did Jane Fonda play in the 60s movie of the same name where she repeatedly lost her clothes.",
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"content": "Peace, Love, & Misunderstanding (2011) - News NEWS 7 June 2012 2:56 PM, PDT | WENN | See recent WENN news » Actress Catherine Keener turned hippie sage for Peace, Love & Misunderstanding co-star Jane Fonda , so the movie veteran could understand what it meant to be an earth mother, Woodstock festival-goer type in the late 1960s. Fonda, 74, had no idea how influential the inaugural music and arts event was to the hippie movement in 1969, so Keener took it upon herself to school the Barbarella star about the alternative lifestyle. In an interview on U.S. breakfast show Today, Fonda said, \"I play a hippie. People think that's what I was but I never was a hippie and (Keener) was far more a hippie than I. She told me what music to listen to and (in the film) I had to say something to (co-star) Jeffrey Dean Morgan about how I was at the Woodstock festival and (her character) breached, the baby breached when... Jimi Hendrix played The Star-Spangled Banner.\" And Fonda only fully understood the gravity of rock icon Hendrix's performance after watching 1970's Woodstock , which documented the legendary festival on film. She added, \"She (Keener) brought me the documentary so I could see what that (performance was like). No wonder my (character's) water broke! It was an amazing experience. So she helped me understand what that was all about.\" » 7 June 2012 6:58 AM, PDT | The Playlist | See recent The Playlist news » There are moments during certain romantic comedies when you might find yourself throwing up your hands and growling, “come on!” under your breath. And with good reason: the improbability of plotlines and inconsistencies of characters are enough to drive even the sappiest of us screaming from the theaters, scouring the streets for the realism and even cynicism that seems to have deserted us over the course of the film. “ Peace, Love, & Misunderstanding ,” from director Bruce Beresford (“ Driving Miss Daisy ,” “ Tender Mercies ”), is not one of these kinds of rom-coms. At least, not entirely. Though wildly predictable from the outset, and undoubtedly sentimental in its bits of hippie-dippie, lovey-dovey wisdom, the movie doesn’t stray too far from the real world, and ultimately drives home an honest and applicable moral about accepting your family, warts and all. The film wastes no time getting its story off the ground. Dialogue filters in over a black screen. » - Emma Bernstein 6 June 2012 9:23 AM, PDT | ShockYa | See recent ShockYa news » Even as teens and adults, people tend to be all too eager to fight with their parents over their differences in lifestyles and opinions. But the new comedy-drama ‘ Peace, Love & Misunderstanding ,’ which hits select theaters on Friday, shows that once people are pushed outside their comfort zones, they’re more willing to accept their family’s diverse views. A seemingly mismatched family unpredictably comes together after unforeseen circumstances bring them together in the Bruce Beresford -directed film. ‘Peace, Love & Misunderstanding’ follows uptight Manhattan lawyer Diane ( Catherine Keener ), who decides to visit her hippie mother Grace ( Jane Fonda ) in Woodstock for the first time in 20 years, after her husband Mark (Kyle [ Read More ] » - Karen Benardello 4 June 2012 6:31 PM, PDT | WENN | See recent WENN news » Watchmen star Jeffrey Dean Morgan hopes fans of The Band don't turn on him when they hear his awful rendition of the late Levon Helm 's signature turn The Weight in new movie Peace, Love & Misunderstanding , insisting he begged film director Bruce Beresford to consider an alternative. The actor croons the song with co-star Catherine Keener and accepts it's a terrible way to remember Helm, who died in April. He tells WENN, \"It was horrible. I think we butchered the song. Neither of us are probably the most musical people. We love music, but talent-wise you're looking at the bottom of the talent bowl! \"That was the most nervous I've been doing a scene in a long time. We were both wrecks. Bruce insisted that we do it but I was kind of hoping that somebody would just lo",
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trivia_qa_1505400
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What is the velvet fabric with a pattern formed by burning the pile away with acid?",
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"content": "devoré - definition of devoré in English | Oxford Dictionaries Definition of devoré in English: devoré (also devore) noun [usually as modifier] A velvet fabric with a pattern formed by burning the pile away with acid: ‘a devoré top’ More example sentences ‘Fabrics here include silk damask devores, silk damask and stripes and plains inspired by Imperial Russia.’ ‘Burnt out devore velvets will be a strong fashion as they look great in rich jewel tones.’ ‘It was during his college years that he learnt his trademark and highly specialised craft of working with a silk and velvet mix known as devore velvet.’ ‘The high street is heaving with devore tops and ruched satin trousers, while supermarkets are stuffed with beaded dresses and strappy sandals with killer heels.’ ‘There is a pretty, pleated chiffon one with detachable corsage and ribbon belt, a red devoré dress with wide ribbon belt and a sequin-sprinkled, pale-pink mesh version.’ ‘Blair says, ‘What I've done is soften the colours, bleach and fade the prints in some cases, and put them on chiffons or devoré velvets.’’ ‘The clothes feature contrasting materials, as seems to be prevalent this season: coats with felt stitching over silk crêpe dresses, and artificial leather against devoré silk.’ ‘Textures included silk velvets, velveteen and devorés, paillettes and satins.’ Origin 1990s: from French dévoré, literally devoured, past participle of dévorer. Pronunciation: Which of the following is correct? the werewolf bared its fangs the werewolf bore its fangs Which of the following is correct? a bare mattress on the floor a bear mattress on the floor Which of the following is correct? it strips them bare Which of the following is correct? he bared a deep grudge he bore a deep grudge Which of the following is correct? the results bare out in other tests the results bear out in other tests Which of the following is correct? the classic film bears his name the classic film bares his name Which of the following is correct? he ran around in bear feet he ran around in bare feet Which of the following is correct? he laid bare their finances he laid bear their finances Which of the following is correct? the bare bones of the story the bear bones of the story Which of the following is correct? the right to bear arms the right to bare arms You scored /10 practise again? Retry Most popular in the world Australia",
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trivia_qa_1505401
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Recently voiced by Danny DeVito, which Dr. Seuss character claims to speak for the trees?",
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"content": "A Plea for the Trees | TIME For Kids Entertainment A Plea for the Trees Ed Helms talks to TFK about his role in Dr. Seuss’s The Lorax, in theaters and IMAX March 2 © 2012 UNIVERSAL PICTURES The Lorax speaks for the trees in the classic Dr. Seuss story. “What was the Lorax? And why was it there? And why was it lifted and taken somewhere from the far end of town where the Grickle-grass grows? The old Once-ler still lives there. Ask him. He knows.” —Dr. Seuss Just about everyone knows Dr. Seuss’s story of the Lorax, the gruff but lovable forest guardian who speaks for the trees. Now, the classic tale is springing to life on the big screen. The 3-D animated adventure follows a young boy named Ted (voiced by Zac Efron), who lives in the all-plastic town of Thneed-Ville. Ted is on a quest to find a real, live tree, so he goes to the all-knowing Once-ler for help. The Once-ler tells Ted the story of the Lorax (voiced by Danny DeVito), and what exactly happened to all of the trees—including the Once-ler’s own role in the forest’s destruction. The Lorax opens in theaters and IMAX on March 2, which also happens to be Dr. Seuss’s 108th birthday. TFK spoke with actor Ed Helms, the voice behind the Once-ler, about the film and his whimsical new role. TFK: Can you talk about your connection to Dr. Seuss and to The Lorax in particular? HELMS: Dr. Seuss certainly played a huge role in my childhood. I grew up in Atlanta, Georgia, and we had the full Dr. Seuss [collection]. The Lorax was a book we read over and over again. It was definitely a family favorite, so this is a special movie for me to be a part of. TFK: Aside from The Lorax, what was your favorite Dr. Seuss book growing up? HELMS: Probably Oh, the Places You Will Go! Or Green Eggs and Ham—that’s just the weirdest, most whimsical, ridiculous story. But it also has buried in it this great message of being open-minded and exploring new things. © 2012 UNIVERSAL PICTURES The Once-ler (voiced by Ed Helms) prepares to chop down a Truffula Tree in The Lorax. TFK: You play the Once-ler, the man responsible for chopping down all of the trees in Truffula Valley to make Thneeds, knitted garments that have many uses but that people don’t really need. The Once-ler is a little more fleshed out in the film than in the book. Did you put any of your personality into the character? HELMS: There’s a certain amount of my personality that bubbles out of all my characters. For the young Once-ler, I approached it from the standpoint that this is a very normal guy. He’s not evil. He wants to be successful and make his mark on the world, and those are noble intentions. It’s just when he becomes greedy that he falls down the rabbit hole, so to speak. For the old Once-ler I took a different approach. He’s a very bitter, old coot. I would like to think that none of my personality is in that version of the character. TFK: How did you come up with the voice for the old Once-ler? HELMS: I went into it a little bit cocky, thinking, oh, I can do an old-man voice; it’s not that tricky. But the more I did the voice, the more I realized I sounded like an idiot! I really needed to give this character some heart and soul. I was straining my voice to make it sound old. In time, I realized if I just relaxed and felt the energy of the character, the voice would be more authentic. It was a very exciting experience. TFK: Did you enjoy doing one voice more than the other? HELMS: They were both really, really fun. I don’t want the old Once-ler or the young Once-ler to get mad at me! TFK: When you think back on the first time you read The Lorax as a child, did you hear a voice like Danny DeVito’s in your head? HELMS: I heard a voice exactly like Danny’s, and I’d never even met Danny before. No, I’m kidding. Danny’s voice is so perfect for it. He’s the sweetest guy you’ll ever meet, but he has this hilarious curmudgeon [or gruff] sound to his voice when he ramps it up. That’s exactly the voice that the Lorax needed. TFK: If you could voice any other character in the movie, who would it be? HELMS: I wouldn’t take anything",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The flower convallaria is better known as what?",
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"content": "Lily-of-the-valley - Convallaria majalis - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life For other uses, see Lily of the Valley (disambiguation) . Convallaria majalis ( ɪ s / ), [1] commonly known as the lily of the valley or lily-of-the-valley, is a woodland flowering plant native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia and Europe . It is possibly the only species in the genus Convallaria (or one of two or three, if C. keiskei and C. transcaucasica are recognised as separate species). In the APG III system , the genus is placed in the family Asparagaceae , subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae [2] ). It was formerly placed in its own family Convallariaceae, or earlier, like many lilioid monocots , in the lily family Liliaceae . A limited native population occurs in Eastern USA (Convallaria majalis var. montana). [3] There is, however, some debate as to the native status of the American variety . [4] Contents Description 19th-century illustration C. majalis is a herbaceous perennial plant that forms extensive colonies by spreading underground stems called rhizomes . New upright shoots are formed at the ends of stolons in summer, [5] these upright dormant stems are often called pips. [6] These grow in the spring into new leafy shoots that still remain connected to the other shoots under ground, often forming extensive colonies. The stems grow to 15–30 cm tall, with one or two leaves 10–25 cm long, flowering stems have two leaves and a raceme of 5–15 flowers on the stem apex. The flowers are white tepals (rarely pink), bell-shaped, 5–10 mm diameter, and sweetly scented; flowering is in late spring, in mild winters in the Northern Hemisphere it is in early March. The fruit is a small orange-red berry 5–7 mm diameter that contains a few large whitish to brownish colored seeds that dry to a clear translucent round bead 1–3 mm wide. Plants are self-sterile, and colonies consisting of a single clone do not set seed. [7] Taxonomy Convallaria majalis var. rosea There are three varieties that have sometimes been separated out as distinct species or subspecies by some botanists. [8] Convallaria majalis var. keiskei - from China and Japan, with red fruit and bowl-shaped flowers (now widely cited as Convallaria keiskei) [7] [9] C. majalis var. majalis - from Eurasia, with white midribs on the flowers C. majalis var. montana - from the USA, with green-tinted midribs on the flowers Convallaria transcaucasica is recognised as a distinct species by some authorities, while the species formerly called Convallaria japonica is now classified as Ophiopogon japonicus . [9] Garden use Variegated cultivar early in spring Double-flowered Convallaria majalis Convallaria majalis is a popular garden plant, grown for its scented flowers and for its ground-covering abilities in shady locations. Some consider it a weed , as it can spread over a wide area in gardens and can be difficult to contain or remove. Various kinds and cultivars are grown, including those with double flowers, rose-colored flowers, variegated foliage and ones that grow larger than the typical species. [9] C. majalis 'Albostriata' has white-striped leaves C. majalis 'Green Tapestry', 'Haldon Grange', 'Hardwick Hall', 'Hofheim', 'Marcel', 'Variegata' and 'Vic Pawlowski's Gold' are other variegated cultivars [9] C. majalis 'Berlin Giant' and C. majalis 'Géant de Fortin' (syn. 'Fortin's Giant') are larger-growing cultivars [9] C. majalis 'Flore Pleno' has double flowers. [9] C. majalis 'Rosea' sometimes found under the name C. majalis var. rosea, has pink flowers. [9] Traditionally Convallaria majalis has been grown in pots and winter forced to provide flowers during the winter months, both for as potted plants and as cut flowers. [10] All parts of the plant are poisonous and the red berries may be attractive to children; if eaten even in small amounts, the plant can cause abdominal pain, vomiting, and a reduced heart rate. [11] Foodplant for insect larvae Lily of the valley is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Grey Chi . L",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which electrical engineer invented the triode valve in 1907?",
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"content": "Electronics Timeline - Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century Electronics Timeline Brilliant inventors from the late 19th century to the present day have built on each other's work to launch a revolution in electronics. In recognizing the team of Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley for their invention of the transistor, the Nobel Prize also paid tribute to their predecessors, the discoverers of electrons, the vacuum tube, purified crystals, and diodes. The transistor spurred experimentation with new materials such as silicon and with a host of manufacturing techniques, leading to electronic devices that have altered every aspect of daily life. Thermionic valve, or diode invented Sir John Ambrose Fleming, a professor of electrical engineering and the first scientific adviser for the Marconi Company, invents the thermionic valve, or diode, a two-electrode rectifier. (A rectifier prevents the flow of current from reversing.) Building on the work of Thomas Edison, Fleming devises an \"oscillation valve\"—a filament and a small metal plate in a vacuum bulb. He discovers that an electric current passing through the vacuum is always unidirectional. 1907 Triode patented Lee De Forest, an American inventor, files for a patent on a triode, a three-electrode device he calls an Audion. He improves on Fleming’s diode by inserting a gridlike wire between the two elements in the vacuum tube, creating a sensitive receiver and amplifier of radio wave signals. The triode is used to improve sound in long-distance phone service, radios, televisions, sound on film, and eventually in modern applications such as computers and satellite transmitters. 1940 Ohl discovers that impurities in semiconductor crystals create photoelectric properties Russell Ohl, a researcher at Bell Labs, discovers that small amounts of impurities in semiconductor crystals create photoelectric and other potentially useful properties. When he shines a light on a silicon crystal with a crack running through it, a voltmeter attached to the crystal registers a half-volt jump. The crack, it turns out, is a natural P-N junction, with impurities on one side that create an excess of negative electrons (N) and impurities on the other side that create a deficit (P). Ohl’s crystal is the precursor of modern-day solar cells, which convert sunlight into electricity. It also heralds the coming of transistors. 1947 First pointcontact transistor John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley of Bell Labs discover the transistor. Brattain and Bardeen build the first pointcontact transistor, made of two gold foil contacts sitting on a germanium crystal. When electric current is applied to one contact, the germanium boosts the strength of the current flowing through the other contact. Shockley improves on the idea by building the junction transistor—\"sandwiches\" of N- and P-type germanium. A weak voltage applied to the middle layer modifies a current traveling across the entire \"sandwich.\" In November 1956 the three men are awarded the Nobel Prize in physics. 1952 First commercial device to apply Shockley’s junction transistor Sonotone markets a $229.50 hearing aid that uses two vacuum tubes and one transistor—the first commercial device to apply Shockley’s junction transistor. Replacement batteries for transistorized hearing aids cost only $10, not the nearly $100 of batteries for earlier vacuum tube models. 1954 First truly consistent mass-produced transistor is demonstrated Gordon Teal, a physical chemist formerly with Bell Labs, shows colleagues at Texas Instruments that transistors can be made from pure silicon—demonstrating the first truly consistent mass-produced transistor. By the late 1950s silicon begins to replace germanium as the semiconductor material out of which almost all modern transistors are made. 1954 First transistor radio Texas Instruments introduces the first transistor radio, the Regency TR1, with radios by Regency Electronics and transistors by Texas Instruments. The transistor replaces De Forest’s triode, wh",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In which year were red and yellow cards first used in the English leagues?",
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"content": "How English football came to love and curse the red card - BBC News BBC News How English football came to love and curse the red card By Martin Winch BBC News 10 August 2013 Close share panel Image caption Red cards were first introduced to the global game in 1970 When Saturday comes, it brings with it goals, shock results and a sprinkling of the dreaded yellow and red cards. But while the goals and upsets have been occurring in the Football League for 125 years , the same cannot be said for the handing out of cards. They made their debut in the English game in 1976, and the first player to receive a red one was Blackburn Rovers winger Dave Wagstaffe. The former Wolves midfielder, who died this week aged 70, was given his marching orders in a Division Two match at Leyton Orient on 2 October. Later that afternoon a certain George Best also saw red playing for Fulham at Southampton in the same division. But where did the idea for the cards come from? Traffic lights The cards were shown after the Football League voluntarily adopted a system introduced to the game in the 1970 World Cup. David Barber, from the Football Association, said the idea is credited to English referee Ken Aston from Ilford, London. Image caption Winger Dave Wagstaffe left Wolves in 1976 for Blackburn Rovers Mr Barber said: \"He refereed the 1963 FA Cup Final and was in charge of the referees at the '66 World Cup, during which there was confusion over [Argentina's] Antonio Rattin's dismissal against England. \"Had he actually been sent off?\" The player had indeed been given his marching orders, for reasons that were about as unclear as the indication of the dismissal itself. Mr Aston had to help persuade Argentina's captain to leave the field of play. It was while the referee was driving along Kensington High Street that he had the idea of introducing yellow and red cards in a bid to overcome language barriers and give a clear indication to players and supporters alike. He was stopped at traffic lights when it dawned on him that yellow could be for a caution, a warning to a player to take it easy. And red would simply mean stop - your game is over. The card system was trialled at the 1970 World Cup in Mexico and they were introduced into European club games at some point afterwards. Football violence Some six years later they made their way into the English game where they were used in the domestic game for less than five years initially. Tony Brown, from SoccerData, explained why two red cards were shown on the day they were introduced. \"Wagstaffe was the first to receive a red, for arguing with the ref [after 36 mins],\" Mr Brown said. \"George Best received a red for foul language in the 67th minute.\" Image caption The inspiration for the cards came from colours of the traffic light He added: \"In 1980, there was concern over violence on and off the pitch. \"The FA, not the League, thought that 'demonstrative referees' were part of the problem, and decided to do away with red cards.\" The decision was ratified by the FA Council in January 1981 and two of the last red cards, for the time being, were shown to David Hodgson and Nicky Reid in a game between Manchester City and Middlesbrough. But Mr Brown said that by 1987 \"the International Board, the rule-making body of the international game, said that England was out of step and should reintroduce cards for the 1987-88 season\". Luton Town forward Mick Harford had the dubious honour of being shown the first red card in a league match following their reintroduction. The Hatter walked just four minutes into the opening day defeat at Derby County in Division One on 15 August 1987. Over 9,000 have followed in domestic matches and European games involving English teams, according to the English National Football Archive. The National Football Museum said the issuing of cards became part of the FA's laws of the game in 1992. And while showing red and yellow helps make referees' decisions clear most of the time, the debate over whether they should or should not have been issued rumbles on among the tales of goals a",
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"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; From which Disney animated picture does the song 'A Whole New World' come?",
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"content": "Aladdin | Disney Movies Characters Climb aboard for a magical carpet ride with nonstop laughs, action-packed adventure and Academy Award®–winning music that will make your heart soar (1992: Best Music, Original Song, “A Whole New World,” Original Score). Now for the first time ever, a whole new world of Disney’s Aladdin is revealed in a whole new way on Blu-ray and Digital HD—with a never-before-seen Bonus! Disney Princess Give your tastebuds a lift with East-meets-West flavors in a savory and healthful pizza inspired by Aladdin.,",
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trivia_qa_1505406
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In which town does Desperate Dan live?",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "Desperate Dan (Character) - Comic Vine Desperate Dan The Desperate Dan wiki last edited by BumpyBoo on 09/20/13 11:01AM View full history Origin Hailing from Cactusville, Texas, Desperate Dan is the strongest man in the world. Creation Desperate Dan is one of the longest running comic strips in the world having appeared in issue 1 of The Dandy in 1937 and continues to appear in The Dandy today. Desperate Dan was created by artist Dudley D. Watkins and Dandy editor Albert Barnes , the latter of whom also provided the inspiration for Dan's massive chin and who wrote the strip for the first several years. Watkins drew the strip until 1969 and his sudden demise from a heart attack while at his drawing board; as a mark of respect, Barnes, then still editing the Dandy, refused to let another artist take over the strip, and for the next fourteen years Dan's adventures consisted of reprints of earlier, Watkins-drawn, stories. Barnes retired in 1982, and a year later the new editor finally commissioned new Desperate Dan strips. In 1984 Desperate Dan replaced Korky the Cat as the cover star. Character Development Dan's statue in Dundee, Scotland Dan hails from the wild west town of Cactusville . He was originally a bit of a desperado on the wrong side of the law hence his name, Desperate Dan. He later on became a friendlier character helping his fellow town folk and even becoming deputy and sheriff of Cactusville from time to time. Dan is arguably the strongest and toughest man in the world. Examples of his strength have been lifting whole buildings and using a crane to fish. He also uses a blow torch and chisel to shave. He like's nothing more than to tuck into a huge cow-pie which seems to be made of a whole cow with even its horns and tail sticking out of the pastry. Desperate Dan's family includes his Aunt Aggie , who makes him his cow-pies, and his nephew and niece, Danny and Katey. He has a pet dog called Dawg , the hardiest hound around. Latest Images Thanks, we're checking your submission. Whoah, whoah... slow down there. Thanks! Your changes are live! Some of your changes are live Because you're new to wiki editing, we sent your submission off to our moderators to check it over. Most changes are approved within a few hours. We'll send an email when it is. Once you've earned over points you'll be able to bypass this step and make live edits to our system. Until then, gain points by continuing to edit pages. You are currently banned from editing the wiki. Wiki submissions are currently disabled. No changes were submitted, nothing was done! Please make changes to the wiki! Thanks for continuing to improve the site. Some of your changes are now live. However, some of your changes were sent to moderation because you do not have enough points to make those live edits. You need points to live edit the changes you commited. For the changes that went through, our robot math gave you points for this submission. Thanks for continuing to improve the site. Your changes are now live. Our robot math gave you points for this submission.",
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trivia_qa_1505407
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which World War II leader was captured in April 1945 trying to flee to Switzerland with gold and looted Ethiopian sovereigns which became known as The Treasure of Dongo?",
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{
"content": "Macclesfield Pub Quiz League: February 2011 Macclesfield Pub Quiz League 22nd Feb–Cup/Plate Semi Finals Questions set by Plough Horntails and the Dolphin 1. How many hoops are used in the standard game of Croquet? A, 6. 2. Which African kingdom was known as Basutoland before it gained independence in 1966? A. Lesotho. 3. The work \"Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures\" is the textbook of which religious movement founded in 1879? A. Christian Science. 4. What is the fruit of the Blackthorn called? A. The Sloe. 5. How many countries sit on the full United Nations Security Council? A. 15. 6. According to the book of Genesis, which land lay to the \"east of Eden\"? A. The Land of Nod. 7. What is the name of the southernmost point of Africa? A. Cape Agulhas (note: The Cape of Good Hope is just south of Cape Town and is NOT correct). 8. Responding to a pressing issue in year 1095, what appeal did Pope Urban II make to Kings, Nobles and Knights in a sermon at the Council of Clermont? A. Please help to regain the Holy Lands… the First Crusade. (Accept any answer relating to freeing Jerusalem from Moslems/ Mohammadens / Turks/ Saracens) 9. Who holds the post of High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union? A. Baroness Ashton (Accept Catherine Ashton). 10. Which city was awarded the 1944 Summer Olympic Games? A. London. 11. In which country did the Maoist organization the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) operate? A. Peru. 12. Which major city’s name translates into English as Fragrant Harbour? A. Hong Kong. 13. In which country was the Granny Smith apple first grown? A. Australia (in 1868) 15. Who was the architect of Coventry Cathedral? A. Basil Spence. 16. Who opened an historic address to his people with the following, “In this grave hour, perhaps the most fateful in our history, I send to every household of my peoples, both at home and overseas, this message, spoken with the same depth of feeling for each one of you as if I were able to cross your threshold and speak to you myself.” A. King George VI (as taken from the King’s Speech) 17. Which car company makes the Alhambra model? A. Seat. 18. Which car company makes a model called the Sirion? A. Diahatsu 19. What is the Nationality of Stefaan Engels who set a World record on Saturday 5th February in Barcelona by completing a marathon every day for a year, a total of 9,569 miles? A. Belgian. 20. Who wrote Memoirs of a Fox-hunting Man and Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, as well as collections of poetry? A. Siegfried Sassoon. 21. Approximately what percentage of the planet’s surface is covered by Tropical rainforests? A. 2% (but they are home to more than 50% species on Earth). Accept any figure less than 5%. 22. What is the name of the point on the Celestial sphere directly below an observer or a given position? A. Nadir. (Note this is the opposite of zenith). 23. What is the term, of French origin, loosely translated 'into mouth', for using facial muscles and shaping the lips for the mouthpiece to play a woodwind or brass musical instrument? A. Embouchure (origin, em = into, bouche = mouth) also accept embrasure. 24. In his 2011 memoir, ‘Known and Unknown’, which US ex-politician tries to deflect blame onto others including Colin Powell and Condoleeza Rice, for Iraq War mistakes? A. Donald Rumsfeld. (The book title alludes to Rumsfeld's famous statement: \"There are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns - the ones we don't know we don't know...\" The statement was made by Rumsfeld on February 12, 2002 at a press briefing addressing the absence of evidence linking the Iraq government with the supply of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups.) 25. How many vertices (corners) has a regular dodecahedron (a dodecahedron is a 3D form with 12 faces)? A. 20. 26. The Salmon River in Idaho, USA is known by what nickname, It is also the name of a 1954 film, whose title soundtrack was recorded b",
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trivia_qa_1505408
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In Marvel Comics which God is the alter ego of Donald Blake?",
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{
"content": "Thor (Thor Odinson) - Marvel Universe Wiki: The definitive online source for Marvel super hero bios. Thor (Thor Odinson) Sighted page [ view draft ] (+/-) This is the latest sighted revision, approved on 29 August 2010. The draft has 2 changes awaiting review. Accuracy Thor Odinson Aliases Donald M. Blake, God of Thunder, Son of Odin, the Thunderer, Lord of Asgard, Jake Olson, Sigurd Jarlson, Donar, Donner, Hloriddi, Unhappy Hrungnir’s Playmate, Veur, Hrodr’s Foe-Man, Longbeard’s Son, Vingthor the Hurler, Siegfried, Siegmund, \"Woe-King\"; impersonated Hercules, Harokin, Freya; formerly bound to Eric Masterson Identity Venus #12 (1951); (modern) Journey into Mystery #83 (1962) Origin Journey into Mystery #83 (1962), Thor #159 (1968), Thor Annual #11 (1983) Significant Issues As Blake, found Mjolnir in Norway, became Thor (Journey into Mystery #83, 1962); founded the Avengers (Avengers #1, 1963); learned origin of Donald Blake identity (Thor #159, 1968), origin an past adventures on Earth recounted (Thor Annual #11, 1983); adopted Sigurd Jarlson identity (Thor #341, 1984); merged with Eric Masterson (Thor #408, 1989); exiled for killing Loki (Thor #432, 1991); retrieved from exile by Eric Masterson (Thor #457, 1993); became insane, overcame with aid of Adam Warlock and Dr. Strange (Thor #460-471, 1993-1994); adopted form of Jake Olson (Thor #2, 2001); witnessed death of Odin, became Lord of Asgard (Thor #41-43, 2002) had falling out with Avengers (Avengers #63, 2003); Asgard bombed (Thor #68, 2003); conquered Earth (Thor #68, 2003); undid conquest of Earth (Thor #79, 2004); perished in battling Those Who Sit Above In Shadow (Thor #85, 2004) Occupation Warrior, adventurer; former monarch, paramedic, construction worker; (as Donald Blake) physician, surgeon Known Relatives Odin Borson (father, deceased), Gaea (mother), Frigga (adoptive mother), Loki (adoptive brother, deceased), Balder, Hermod, Tyr, Vidar (half-brothers), Buri (Tiwaz, paternal great-grandfather), Bolthorn (maternal great grandfather), Bor Burison (grandfather, deceased), Bestia (paternal grandmother, presumed deceased), Vili, Ve (paternal uncles, deceased), Sigyn (sister-in-law),Solveig (sister-in-law, deceased), Jormungand (Midgard Serpent), Fenris Wolf (nephews), Hela (niece), large extended family via Gaea and others Group Affiliation Gods of Asgard, Avengers ; formerly Queen’s Vengeance , Godpack, Thor Corps Education Tutored by scholars of Asgard; (Blake) M.D. Physical Attributes 640 lbs; (Blake) 150 lbs. Eyes Blond Powers As the son of Odin and Gaea, Thor's strength, endurance and resistance to injury are greater than the vast majority of his superhuman race. He is extremely long-lived (though not completely immune to aging), immune to conventional disease and highly resistant to injury. His flesh and bones are several times denser than a human's. As Lord of Asgard, Thor possessed the Odinforce, which enabled him to tap into the near-infinite resources of cosmic and mystical energies, enhancing all of his abilities. With the vast magical power of the Odinforce, Thor was even able to dent Captain America’s virtually indestructible shield with Mjolnir. Click here for complete list of Thor's powers Abilities Thor is trained in the arts of war, being a superbly skilled warrior, highly proficient in hand-to-hand combat, swordsmanship and hammer throwing. Weapons Thor wields Mjolnir , a hammer forged from uru metal. Mjolnir is virtually unbreakable, and allows Thor to command the powers of the storm, causing rain, thunder and lightning. Thor can channel the storm’s fury into devastating blasts of energy that can destroy even secondary Adamantium. He can also channel his godly energies through Mjolnir into blasts so powerful that they can slay even immortals. Mjolnir can absorb other energies into itself, which Thor can then release. Mjolnir obeys Thor’s commands as though it were alive, and if Thor’s will is strong enough, the hammer can pass through nearly any barrier to reach him should he so desire. Using this command over Mjolnir’s flight path, Thor i",
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trivia_qa_1505409
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What name is given to a Medieval war engine used for catapulting stones?",
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"content": "Medieval Warfare & Medieval arms Follow @Medieval_War The Middle Ages saw the development of new modes of warfare encompassing both pitched battles and siege warfare. Then as now the western world was engaged in an arms race. New weapons technology prompted new defensive technologies, for example the introduction of cross-bows led quickly to the adoption of plate armour rather than chain mail. During the Dark Ages Christendom had largely abandoned the sophisticated techniques of Classical times, arguing that anything not mentioned in the bible was of satanic origin and that God would ensure victory for his faithful followers. Along with the scientific advances, military techniques had been abandoned and forgotten. This affected building as well as weaponry. For example the Greeks and Romans had used iron ties to join blocks of stone together. Knowing the effects of rust they encased the iron in lead so that it did not rust, and stonework using this technique survives intact today. Medieval builders did not know about the lead protection and used iron ties that rusted, expanded and fractured the surrounding stone. So it was with military engines like the balista and military techniques like the Romans' famous tortoise. So too, ancient techniques for making quick-setting concrete and prefabricated defences were forgotten. To some extent the development of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment is the story of the rediscovery of ancient techniques. Click here for Battle Ready Medieval Swords and Armors Medieval Pitched Battles Infantry, including missile troops, would typically be employed at the outset of the battle to break open infantry formations. Cavalry attempted to defeat the enemy cavalry. Once one side coaxed their opposing infantry into breaking formation, the cavalry would be deployed in attempt to exploit the loss of cohesion in the opposing infantry lines and begin slaying the infantrymen from horse top. Once a break in the lines was exploited, the cavalry became instrumental to victory - causing further breakage in the lines and wreaking havoc amongst the infantrymen, as it is much easier to kill a man from the top of a horse than to stand on the ground and face a half-ton destrier carrying an armed knight. Until a significant break in the enemy infantry lines arose, the cavalry could not be used to much effect against infantry since horses are not easily harried into a wall of pikemen. Pure infantry conflicts would be drawn-out affairs. A hasty retreat could cause greater casualties than an organized withdrawal, because the fast cavalry of the winning side's rearguard would intercept the fleeing enemy while their infantry continued their attack. In most medieval battles, more soldiers were killed during the retreat than in battle, since mounted knights could quickly and easily dispatch the archers and infantry who were no longer protected by a line of pikes as they had been during the previous fighting. A medieval pitched battle Medieval Fortifications Breakdowns in centralized states led to the rise of a number of groups that turned to large-scale pillage as a source of income. Most notably the Vikings, Arabs, Mongols and Magyars raided significantly. As these groups were generally small and needed to move quickly, building fortifications was a good way to provide refuge and protection for the people and the wealth in the region. These fortifications evolved over the course of th",
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trivia_qa_1505410
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Amen Corner is a three-hole section on the back nine of which famous American golf course?",
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"content": "SAY YOUR PRAYERS AMEN CORNER MAY BE MORE FAMOUS, BUT A STRETCH ON THE FRONT NINE'S MORE DANGEROUS Mike Tyson Search SAY YOUR PRAYERS AMEN CORNER MAY BE MORE FAMOUS, BUT A STRETCH ON THE FRONT NINE'S MORE DANGEROUS April 7, 1997 Golf Plus Golfers Special Commemorative Section Basketball NBA Extra Juice Books FACES IN THE CROWD 12 Environment Rodents Running Golfers The Final Fours Ability Pro Football Salary cap Pro Basketball Casinos Tennis Women's tennis Golf Journalism Hockey Hockey players Baseball Contracts Tickets [bonus Piece] Business Inside The NBA It is Thursday morning, April 10, and our hero, the Masters rookie, is off to a good start. With a solid par at the 1st hole and a birdie at the par-5 2nd, he stands on the 3rd tee knowing that if he can make another birdie or two on the next few holes, his name will go up on the giant leader boards scattered around the course. Poor fellow. Little does he know that immediately ahead lies the potential for disaster. The next three holes, with the benign-sounding names of Flowering Peach, Flowering Crab Apple and Magnolia, were the most difficult three-hole stretch at Augusta National last year. Call it the Hot Corner. This is an article from the April 7, 1997 issue Original Layout For many years the first three holes on the back nine--the 10th, plus the first two thirds of the storied Amen Corner--played the hardest statistically. If you've watched the Masters on television, you know the holes well: the long, downhill 10th, its green surrounded by majestic pines; the 11th, where Larry Mize chipped in to beat Greg Norman in 1987; and the 12th, the short but dangerous par-3 over Rae's Creek, scene of so many disasters. \"Three, 4 and 5 are every bit as difficult,\" says Sandy Lyle, the 1988 champion. Phil Mickelson agrees. \"You just want to play for par and get out of there,\" he says. If your only Masters experience comes from TV, you've never seen the 3rd, 4th and 5th, owing to Augusta National's absurd policy of treating the front nine like a leper colony. Why not join our Masters rookie as he prepares to hit his drive? The 3rd hole, at 360 yards, is the shortest par-4 (along with number 7) on the course and is deceptively easy-looking, but last year it was the sixth-most difficult hole. \"It's at number 3 where the course starts to play mind games with you,\" says Ken Venturi, who twice came within a stroke of winning the Masters. \"Here is a short hole with no water and just one greenside bunker. Yet it's so difficult.\" There are pines on the right, a cluster of bunkers on the left. \"I've seen players use everything from a driver to a long iron off the tee,\" says Arnold Palmer. \"The strategy is to leave yourself a full shot--wedge, nine-iron, whatever--to the green. Because the green's on a plateau and narrow, you must be able to stop the ball. That's essential.\" Sounds easy enough, but the green is fronted on the left by an extreme upslope. \"Leave it short and you're dead,\" says John Cook. \"The ball will spin back off the green and roll all the way to the bottom.\" That happened to Nick Faldo last year in the third round. When his recovery chip was also short and rolled back 10 yards off the green, he wound up with a double-bogey 6. The green has a definite right-to-left slant, so when the pin is to the left, a shot played to the middle of the green will trickle down toward the hole. However, the pin is usually to the right on Saturday or Sunday, requiring a left-to-right cut shot, something that can be extremely difficult if the Augusta breezes are blowing from the left. Gary Player, a three-time winner, tells this story: Years ago he was sitting with Bobby Jones at the champions dinner. He told Jones that when the pin was to the left, the hole was almost impossible to birdie, since the green was only seven yards deep at that point. Jones leaned forward with a devilish grin and said, \"You're not supposed to make birdie on 3. The hole was designed for a 4.\" For the last two years the 4th, a 210-yard par-3, has been the toughest hole on the course, playing at an average of",
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trivia_qa_1505411
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Name the illness caused by a reaction to gliadin, a gluten protein in wheat, barley, rye, etc?",
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"content": "Celiac Disease Celiac Disease Last Updated on Thursday, 05 May 2016 00:07 Hits: 94549 Celiac disease is a condition in which the lining of the small intestine is damaged by an allergic reaction to the food protein gluten which is present in a number of grains. It is said to be an auto-immune disease since IgA and IgA antibodies produced by the immune system against specific gluten components, namely gliadin, also target and damage the intestinal tissue, resulting in the characteristic flattening of the villi which impairs absorption of nutrients. Celiac disease is also referred to by other names including coeliac disease, c(o)eliac sprue, gluten intolerance, and gluten enteropathy. Official figures for clinically diagnosed celiac disease put the rate at 0.05-0.27% based on results from various studies. However, it is widely accepted that the condition is underdiagnosed with many people suffering symptoms for years without they or their doctors realizing they have celiac disease. Population studies from Europe, South America, Australasia and the USA (using serology and biopsy) have shown that the prevalence may actually be between 0.33 and 1.06% in children and 0.18-1.2% in adults. This translates to as many as 1 in 80 being affected. Cases of celiac disease are not distributed uniformly however. The disease most often effects people of European (especially Northern European) descent. Rates amongst people of African, Japanese, and Chinese descent are much lower. This is thought to be due to a combination of less genetic susceptibility and low wheat diets. Risk is elevated in those with other autoimmune diseases. The risk for developing celiac disease is elevated in people with other autoimmune diseases. It is also considered to have a strong genetic component since it tends to run in families. One large multicentre study undertaken in the US found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups (people without other allergic/autoimmune conditions etc), 1.8% in symptomatic patients, 2.6% in second-degree relatives of a patient with celiac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives(1). Symptoms The symptoms of celiac disease are many and varied and it is considered to be a \"multi-system, multi-symptom\" disorder. As a result of this the condition is often mistaken for other bowel disorders (such as IBS ) and sometimes even other types of illness, as surprisingly bowel symptoms are not always present in cases of celiac disease. The disease can appear at any time in a persons life although research showing prevalence doesn't change much between childhood and adulthood would suggest most cases appear when a person is growing up (2). Symptoms can also vary considerably throughout a persons life. For example, when a celiac disease sufferer is in their teens gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and cramping may be most prominent, in their 30's the disease may present mainly as fatigue and depression, and finally in middle to old-age osteoporosis may be most troubling. This chameleon-like nature of the disease plays a large part in underdiagnosis. The symptoms of celiac disease are so numerous that it would be impractical to list all that have been ascribed to it. The following is a list of the most common symptoms: Classic gastrointestinal symptoms: Malabsorption-related symptoms: Damage to the small intestinal wall make it less able to absorb nutrients, minerals and fat-soluble vitamins. Weight loss (often despite large appetite and food intake) Failure to thrive (in children) Fatigue and lack of energy Anaemia (iron malabsorption may cause iron deficiency anaemia, and folic acid and vitamin B12 malabsorption may give rise to megaloblastic anaemia) Osteopenia (decreased mineral content of the bone) and osteoporosis (bone weakening and risk of fragility fractures). Both result from malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D resulting in deficiencies. Poor blood coagulation and abnormal bleeding (due to vitamin K deficiency but relatively rare) Small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) (can worsen malabsorption or cause it to",
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trivia_qa_1505412
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Which famous historic figure tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament in London in 1605 in ‘The Gunpowder Plot’?",
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"content": "The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 - History Learning Site Home » Stuart England » The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 Citation: C N Trueman \"The Gunpowder Plot of 1605\" historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 17 Mar 2015. 16 Aug 2016. In November 1605, the infamous Gunpowder Plot took place in which some Catholics, most famously Guy Fawkes, plotted to blow up James I, the first of the Stuart kings of England. The story is remembered each November 5th when ‘Guys’ are burned in a celebration known as “Bonfire Night”. The story appears to be very simple. Catholics in England had expected James to be more tolerant of them. In fact, he had proved to be the opposite and had ordered all Catholic priests to leave England. This so angered some Catholics that they decided to kill James and put his daughter Elizabeth on the throne ensuring that she was a Catholic. This led to a plot to kill not only the king of England, James, but also everyone sitting in the Houses of Parliament at the same time as James was there when he opened Parliament on November 5th, 1605. Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators, having rented out a house right by the Houses of Parliament, managed to get 36 barrels of gunpowder into a cellar of the House of Lords. The other conspirators were: John Grant and the man who is said to have organised the whole plot Robert Catesby. The most famous picture of some the conspirators The explosive expert, Guy Fawkes, had been left in the cellars to set off the fuse. He was only caught when a group of guards decided to check the cellars at the last moment. Fawkes was arrested and sent to the Tower of London where he was tortured and eventually gave away the names of the fellow conspirators. Sir William Wade, Lieutenant of the Tower, had orders to use whatever means of torture was required to get information from Fawkes. The order came from James. Of those involved, some were shot as they were chased by the law such as Percy and Catesby. Others were captured, sent to the Tower and, after a brief trial, eventually hung, drawn and quartered, with Fawkes, in January 1606. The signature of Guy Fawkes on his confession In celebration of his survival, James ordered that the people of England should have a great bonfire in the night on November 5th. This fire was traditionally topped off with an effigy of the pope rather than Guy Fawkes. His place at the top of the fire came in later as did fireworks. The East Sussex county town of Lewes still has the pope alongside Guy Fawkes when it comes to the effigies being burned. But is there more to this plot than just a small number of angry Catholics wanting to make a statement against the king, James? Some believe that the whole plot was a government conspiracy to convince James that Catholics could not be trusted. At the very least, some curious things happened when the story is looked at in detail. What is odd? We do know that James’ chief minister, Robert Cecil, the Earl of Salisbury, hated Catholics and saw them as a constant source of trouble. Cecil also feared that there was a chance that James would be lenient with them during his reign and this he could not tolerate. That James only expelled priests was not good enough for Cecil. He wanted to remove Catholicism from England as he saw it as a threat. We know that James was terrified of a violent death; his childhood in Scotland had been fraught with danger including being kidnapped as a boy. What better way to get James to severely persecute the Catholics in England than to get him to believe that they had tried to kill him in this very violent manner? The government had a monopoly on gunpowder in this country and it was stored in places like the Tower of London. How did the conspirators get hold of 36 barrels of gunpowder without drawing attention to themselves? Did they get help from the government? How was the gunpowder moved across London from the Tower of London to Westminster (at least two miles distant) without anyone seeing it? The River Thames would not have been used as it could",
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trivia_qa_1505413
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The panama hat originated in which country?",
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{
"content": "History of the Panama Hat — Brent Black Panama Hats The Panama Hat—Fashion Phenomenon The Fall from Fashion Favor Myths, Legends, and Lore of the Panama Hat 1. Why Is a Hat from Ecuador Called a “Panama” Hat? You’ve probably heard the old saying that the three most important factors in retail success are location, location, and location. Now imagine your location is Ecuador in the mid-1800’s. You have straw hats you want to sell. It doesn’t take long to notice that Ecuador is not a very busy corner. Not much walk-by traffic. Even today, Ecuador is not a major tourist or commercial destination. Nor does it have a lot of people passing through on their way to somewhere else. So you scratch your head and try to figure out how you’re going to find customers for your hats. You look at a map and notice that just a few hundred miles north, a relatively short boat trip away, is Panama. In the 1800’s Panama was part of what is now Colombia. Then, Colombia was called New Granada. Unlike Ecuador, Panama is a very busy corner, with lots of walk-by traffic. Panama is the narrowest point of land separating the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans anywhere from the Arctic Circle to the southern tip of South America. Before air travel, anyone on the East Coast of Canada or the U.S. who wanted to go to the West Coast (or vice versa) had three choices: (1) travel overland, (2) take a ship around the tip of South America, (3) take a ship to Panama, cut across the isthmus, and get another ship on the other side. Option number three was the fastest, and probably the least hazardous, of the choices. So, clever businessperson that you are, you take your hats to Panama to sell them. People like your hats. There is a reasonable amount of traffic. Business is good. Then gold is discovered in California and the number of people passing through Panama explodes exponentially. You say the 1849 equivalent of “Woo-hoo!” Business is very good. Your strong, lightweight, attractive, straw hats are much in demand. They are perfect for deflecting the tropical sun of Panama, just the thing for those long days many are about to spend outdoors in sunny California getting rich panning for gold, and they’re even nice to have on a summer day in Philadelphia or Boston. People on their way to the gold fields buy your hats. People returning home from the gold fields buy your hats. And when your customers arrive at their destinations, an oft-heard comment is “Nice hat. Where’d you get it?” The response is, of course, “Panama.” You neglected to put Made in Ecuador stickers inside all the hats, so the inevitable result is that the hats are called “Panama” hats. Great. Ecuador’s most famous export is called a “Panama” hat. People in Ecuador hate that. A second major contributor to the misnomer was the Panama Canal. Canal workers often wore the hats, which showed up pretty well in black-and-white news photos of the day. One photo, made on November 16, 1906, is often credited as the origin of both the name and the fashion. The photograph showed President Theodore Roosevelt wearing a black-banded straw hat as he sat at the controls of a ninety-five-ton Bucyrus steam shovel during a three-day inspection tour of the Panama Canal excavation. The picture was widely published in the U.S., and around the world, prompting much comment on the President’s “Panama” hat. Other accounts give part of the credit to ship passengers going through the canal, a love affair, and a revolution. Which is the “true” explanation? They are all true. And no doubt each is at least partly why a hat from Ecuador is called a Panama hat. 2. Panama Hat Weaving in Ecuador—A Tale of Two Cities The Tomebamba River runs through the lovely colonial city of Cuenca. On most days local women do the family laundry along the river banks. © B. Brent Black Montecristi and Cuenca (kwayn-ka) are the two cities. They are the two primary centers of Panama hat production and export in Ecuador. Montecristi is on the coast. Cuenca is in the Andes Mountains. Better hats come from Montecristi. More hats come from Cuenca. When Fra",
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trivia_qa_1505414
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In which US state is the 'Shenandoah National Park'>",
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"content": "Shenandoah National Park - Virginia Is For Lovers Virginia is for Lovers Outdoors and Sports Shenandoah National Park Address Visit Site Find Your Park at Shenandoah National Park - a beautiful, historic national treasure which includes the 105-mile long Skyline Drive, a National Scenic Byway. The Park covers the crest of Virginia's Blue Ridge Mountains for over seventy-five miles. The Appalachian Trail roughly parallels the Skyline Drive and 101 miles of this trail run through the Park. There are over 500 miles of hiking trails, numerous waterfalls and mountain summits. Park Ranger programs are offered seasonally and a current list is provided online and available in the \"Shenandoah Explorer\" newspaper that you receive when you enter the park. Camping is available in the Park in addition to rooms at Skyland, Big Meadows Lodge and Lewis Mountain Cabins. There are full-service restaurants at Skyland and Big Meadows plus there are \"waysides\" with lighter food. Guided horseback rides depart daily (weather permitting) from the Skyland stables. Enter at:",
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trivia_qa_1505415
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; 'In truth I know not why I am so sad' is the first line of which Shakespeare play?",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "No Fear Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice: Act 1, Scene 1 The Merchant of Venice Enter ANTONIO, SALARINO, and SOLANIO ANTONIO, SALARINO, and SOLANIO enter. 5 In sooth, I know not why I am so sad. It wearies me; you say it wearies you. But how I caught it, found it, or came by it, What stuff ’tis made of, whereof it is born, I am to learn. And such a want-wit sadness makes of me, That I have much ado to know myself. ANTONIO To be honest, I don’t know why I’m so sad. I’m tired of it, and you say you’re tired of it too. But I have no idea how I got so depressed. And if I can’t figure out what’s making me depressed, I must not understand myself very well. 10 Your mind is tossing on the ocean, There, where your argosies with portly sail, Like signors and rich burghers on the flood— Or, as it were, the pageants of the sea— Do overpeer the petty traffickers That curtsy to them, do them reverence As they fly by them with their woven wings. SALARINO You’re worried about your ships. Your mind is out there getting tossed around on the ocean with them. But they’re fine. They’re like huge parade floats on the sea. They’re so big they look down on the smaller ships, which all have to bow and then get out of the way. Your ships fly like birds past those little boats. 15 Believe me, sir, had I such venture forth, The better part of my affections would Be with my hopes abroad. I should be still Plucking the grass to know where sits the wind, Peering in maps for ports and piers and roads. And every object that might make me fear Misfortune to my ventures out of doubt Would make me sad. SOLANIO Yes, believe me, if I had such risky business ventures in other countries, I’d be sad too. I’d worry about it every second. I’d constantly be tossing blades of grass into the air to find out which way the wind was blowing. I’d be peering over maps to figure out the best ports, piers, and waterways. Everything that made me worry about my ships would make me sad.",
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trivia_qa_1505416
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Who wrote the play 'Accidental Death of an Anarchist' ?",
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"content": "Accidental Death of an Anarchist at Berkeley Rep Tony Taccone Prologue: from the Managing Director When you walked into the lobby today, you may have noticed posters for a play that hasn’t received much attention to this point. Yes, Berkeley Rep is very pleased to host the 10th-anniversary production of Brian Copeland’s Not a Genuine Black Man in April. If we’ve piqued your interest about this show, you may then have been struck by its location at the Osher Studio. What and where, you may ask, is that? Well, if you’ve never seen Brian Copeland, a terrific Bay Area artist, and if you’ve yet to see the Osher, then it’s probably time for you to see both! Our Osher Studio may be the most significant new performance space in downtown Berkeley. Back in 2003, Berkeley Rep’s rehearsal halls and offices were in a rather seedy building a block south of the Roda Theatre on Center Street. When that building was slated for demolition to make way for apartments, Berkeley Rep was able to secure a 20-year lease—thanks to the City of Berkeley’s cultural facility height bonus—in the new building. Berkeley Central opened last year with much-needed housing, an art gallery curated by our colleagues at Kala Art Institute, and three new halls on the first floor. Two of those halls became classrooms for the Berkeley Rep School of Theatre, allowing us to offer our programs to even more adults and children. These rooms are also used by other community arts organizations, including dance, music, and theatre companies. The Osher Studio is the third space at Berkeley Central. Intimate and informal, this black box theatre is perfect for small arts organizations who can’t otherwise afford to lease, equip, or maintain a downtown facility. Already the Osher Studio has hosted performances by the Bay Area Children’s Theatre, Ragged Wing Ensemble, Danse Lumière, Berkeley Symphony Orchestra, and now Brian Copeland. One of the best things about Berkeley Central is its Arts Passage, a covered walkway that connects Addison Street to Center Street. Located just across the street from our box office, the Arts Passage will be open before and after all of Berkeley Rep’s performances, making it easier and quicker for you to walk between the Theatre and the parking lot on Center Street. Our new spaces at Berkeley Central are an added boost to the already burgeoning arts scene in downtown Berkeley. We’re excited to offer a downtown performance venue to the many small arts organizations in the East Bay and to expand our own school programming—with an easily accessible Arts Passage to boot. Best of all, our new Osher Studio allows us to present Brian Copeland’s seminal solo show Not a Genuine Black Man to new audiences. We hope to see you there starting April 23. Warmly, Dario Fo: An open revolutionary By Sam Basger In the early 1950s, as the country stirred from its fascism-induced coma into a thriving republic, a young revolutionary burst onto the stages of Northern Italy with scathing satire. This was Dario Fo, on the cusp of a prolific career and lifelong partnership with a sophisticated Milanese actress, Franca Rame, who trod the same boards. Fo was born to a working-class family in 1926 in San Giano (or Sangiano), a small town on the shores of Lake Maggiore in the region of Lombardia. Fo’s father was a railway stationmaster, while his mother is often described as a “peasant” who was from a tradition of oral storytelling. Indeed it was his mother’s father, known affectionately to the community as Bristin (which loosely translates to “pepper seed”), who ushered Fo into the enchanting world of the fabulatori, local people such as fishermen, glassblowers, or vendors who would peddle their sometimes grotesque, often political, and usually paradoxical tales in public squares. Bristin would attract customers to his cart with his wit and wonder, selling his wares with an air of showmanship that would prove instrumental in building the foundations of narrative rhythm for Fo, whose first performances were versions of stories he had heard from the fabulatori. As for any chi",
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trivia_qa_1505417
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; In which UK city are the headquarters of Morrisons?",
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},
{
"content": "Morrisons cuts 720 jobs at Bradford head office - BBC News BBC News Morrisons cuts 720 jobs at Bradford head office 16 April 2015 Image copyright Simon McKeating Image caption Morrisons is cutting 720 staff at its headquarters in Bradford A total of 720 jobs are set to be lost at Morrisons' head office in Bradford. The supermarket said it was beginning a consultation about a \"simplified management structure\" at its West Yorkshire base, which currently employs 2,300 people. Morrisons said it had also begun recruiting 5,000 shop floor staff for its stores across the country. Chief Executive David Potts said the business had made \"tough but necessary decisions\". The supermarket said it would be offering opportunities for voluntary redundancy and staff would be offered a role in Morrisons stores, with some redeployed in other parts of the business. Morrisons said it would not \"rule in or out\" the possibility that head office managers would offered new roles on checkouts or stacking shelves. \"They could be made redundant but they will certainly be made the offer of a job within the business,\" said a spokesman. By Danni Hewson, Business Correspondent, BBC Yorkshire It's almost unheard of for a new chief executive to come into a business and not make changes. David Potts jumped into the hot seat last month and has already created waves. The biggest loser in this latest shake-up must be Bradford. The head office on Gain Lane employs 2,300 people. The cuts announced today will cut that by almost a third. Although affected staff are being offered the chance to find alternate positions within the company, the reality is many are unlikely to take up that offer. Geographically many of the stores may be too distant without relocation and the positions on offer there and across the rest of the business may be unsuitable. In recent months Bradford's unemployment rate has been falling but it is still well above the national average of 2.1% and the loss of such a large number of jobs can't fail to register. It was a tough decision says the company, an even tougher decision is likely to face those staff who've been given the bad news today. Mr Potts added: \"We are focusing on the things that matter to our customers. \"That means having more of our staff in our stores, improving product availability and helping customers at our checkouts. \"To support this, we need a simpler, faster and cost-conscious head office and that requires some tough but necessary decisions.\" In March Morrisons reported profits down by 52% to £345m, its worst results in eight years. Mr Potts joined the business in March to replace Dalton Philips who left after five years at the helm of the firm. Meanwhile, the company has started on the closure programme of the M local stores that it has earmarked for the axe. Last month it announced that it would close 23 M local stores during the year, resulting in the loss of 380 jobs. It said four stores have been closed, with the remaining 19 to shut over the next few months. Image copyright Morrisons",
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trivia_qa_1505418
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What was the nationality of William Baffin, who gave his name to Baffin Island?",
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{
"content": "William Baffin | English navigator | Britannica.com English navigator James Cook William Baffin, (born c. 1584, London , Eng.?—died Jan. 23, 1622, Persian Gulf , off the island of Qeshm [now part of Iran]), navigator who searched for the Northwest Passage and gave his name to Baffin Island , now part of the Northwest Territories , Canada, and to the bay separating it from Greenland . His determination of longitude at sea by observing the occultation of a star by the Moon in 1615 is said to have been the first of its kind on record. The earliest mention of Baffin (1612) was as a member of Captain James Hall’s expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. Aboard the Discovery with Captain Robert Bylot (1615), Baffin explored Hudson Strait , which separates Canada from Baffin Island. In 1616 Baffin again sailed as pilot of the Discovery and penetrated Baffin Bay some 300 miles (483 km) farther than the English navigator John Davis had in 1587. In honour of the patrons of his voyages, he named Lancaster, Smith, and Jones sounds, the straits radiating from the northern head of the bay. There seemed to be no hope, however, of discovering a passage to India by that route. Next, in service to the East India Company , he made surveys of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. In 1622, during his final voyage to the Persian Gulf, he was killed in an Anglo-Persian attack on Qeshm. Learn More in these related articles:",
"role": "assistant"
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trivia_qa_1505419
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The Åland Islands in the Baltic Sea are a region of which country?",
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},
{
"content": "Åland Islands | The Countries Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia The Åland Islands is an autonomous region of Finland , located in the Baltic Sea. In 1994 the Åland Islands held a separate referendum which approved the islands accession to the European Union , together with Finland in the following year. History Edit The first security policy issue Finland faced upon becoming independent concerned the Åland Islands. Settled by Swedes in about the sixth century A.D., the islands were administered as part of Finland as long as Sweden was part of the Kingdom of Sweden . In 1809 they were transferred to Russian sovereignty, where they remained until the Russian Revolution. Throughout this period, almost all of the inhabitants of the Åland Islands, the Ålanders, continued to be Swedish speakers. During the chaos of the Russian Revolution, the Ålanders began negotiations to be united with Sweden, a move that was later supported in a plebiscite by 96 percent of the islands' inhabitants. The Swedish government welcomed this move, and in February 1918 sent troops who disarmed the Russian forces and the Red Guards, of the unrecognized Finnish Socialist Conciliar Republic , on the islands. The Finns felt that the Swedish intervention in the Åland Islands represented an unwarranted interference in the internal affairs of Finland . Tension rose as both countries claimed the islands, Sweden emphasizing the principle of national self-determination and Finland pointing to its historical rights and to the need to have the islands in order to defend Finland's southwestern coast. The German Empire then moved into the islands as part of its intervention in the civil war and forced out the Swedes; later that year, however, Germany handed the islands over to Finland. The Finns arrested the Åland separatist leaders on charges of treason. In 1920 both countries referred the matter to the League of Nations , which ruled the following year in favor of Finland. The Swedes were placated by the demilitarization of the islands as well as by the grant of extensive autonomy to the Ålanders, a settlement that still remains. [1] Autonomy Edit The Åland Islands enjoys considerable autonomy by virtue of the Autonomy Act of 1951 that guarantees the way of life and the preservation of Swedish traditions on the islands. The 1951 law was supplemented by a 1975 law that restricts the acquisition of real estate on the islands. Both laws have constitutional status, and they may be altered only in accordance with the strict parliamentary provisions that protect the Constitution. In addition to this protection against legislation prejudicial to its interests, the archipelago's parliamentary assembly, the Lagting, has the right to ratify laws affecting it. The Lagting consists of thirty members elected on the basis of proportional representation for four-year terms. Voters must be eighteen years of age by the year of the election and must have the right of domicile on the islands, a right acquired by living for at least five years in the province. Those with this right may also exercise certain professions and may acquire real estate, and they may not be conscripted if they have been residents of the islands since before their twelfth year. This last provision resulted from the demilitarized and neutral status of the islands established by a decision of the League of Nations in 1921. The Lagting has the right to pass laws that touch on administration, provincial taxation, police matters, transportation, health care, and cultural matters. Issues relating to the Constitution, national defense, foreign affairs, the judiciary, family law, and civil law are outside its competence. All laws passed by the Lagting must be approved by the president of the republic, who may veto those laws judged to exceed the Lagting's competence or to damage the country's internal or external security. [2] Government Edit The highest executive authority on the islands is the autonomous Government of Åland, consisting of seven members elected by, and from within, the Lagting. The government mus",
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trivia_qa_1505420
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; Junior Achievement was founded in 1919 with the goal of preparing high school students for a future in what?",
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},
{
"content": "About Our Office - JA About Our Office History and Purpose Junior Achievement nationally was founded by Horace Moses in 1919. The program was initially designed to help young people learn and experience firsthand the free enterprise system. Locally, JA has enriched the lives of over 250,000 children since the founding of Spartanburg's chapter in 1968 and the Greenville chapter in 1972. Both areas quickly gained support and momentum through the support of members of their local Rotary Clubs and Chambers of Commerce. Now called JA of Upstate SC and covering the counties of Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson, Oconee, and Pickens, we are an affiliate of the world's largest organization dedicated to inspiring and preparing kindergarten through 12th grade students to succeed in a global economy. Impact Junior Achievement is a partnership between the business community, educators, foundations, and volunteers — all collaborating to inspire young people to dream big and reach their potential. JA's hands-on, experiential programs teach the key concepts of work readiness skills, entrepreneurship and financial literacy to young people in grades K-12. Through a dedicated and trained volunteer network, JA deliver these programs to area schools, career development centers, and recognized after school programs at no cost to the school or servicing organization and with no additional burden on the classroom teachers. These volunteers also serve as role models, emphasizing the relevance and value of education and bringing the real world of work into the classroom. The programs are correlated with national and state curriculum standards in math, social studies, and language arts, and fulfill the state mandates for age-appropriate courses in economics and financial literacy. The JA classes also support the skills and competencies identified by the Partnership for 21st Century Skills. IMPACT AS MEASURED BY THE NUMBERS: 2015-2016 420 JA Classes (20% increase) in 60 Schools taught by 338 Corporate and Community Volunteers at a cost of $40 Per student JA Ethics Program (\"Ethics in Technology\") 200 high school students particpating 101 high school students attending the Ethics Luncheon >$400 awarded in cash prizes to essay winners JA Titan Challenge 301 high school students experiencing the JA Titan curriculum 87 high school students competing in the JA Titan Challenge $6,750 awarded in college scholarships to the top three JA Titan teams IMPACT AS MEASURED BY OUR EDUCATORS AND VOLUNTEERS: My highlight of the day was seeing the excitement in the kids faces as they planned mentally for their future. The inspiration I received from knowing that this was something that could change many kids futures, by just spending a day with them, was invaluable. The highlight for me was seeing my students' eyes be opened up to the world of possibilities that are out there for them based on the education they are receiving today. I had the opportunity to witness firsthand a student's engagement with planning for his or her future. For many student learners, making learning tangible is very effective. Furthermore, the activities ignited their thinking about authentic topics relative to their future experiences with 21st century, real-world scenarios. The students understood the connections drawn with what is taught in the classroom with requirements for the workplace and the importance of staying in school The highlights for me were the energy level and knowledge of the presenters, the volunteers. They were able to keep the students engaged. My highlight of the day was seeing the excitement in the kids faces as they planned mentally for their future. The inspiration I received from knowing that this was something that could change many kids futures, by just spending a day with them, was invaluable. The impact of light bulbs going off for multiple students!!!",
"role": "assistant"
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trivia_qa_1505421
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; The term 'Urbi et Orbi' ('to the City and to the World'), a standard opening of Roman proclamations is now used to denote whose address?",
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},
{
"content": "\"From the Depths of My Heart\": The Pope's Easter Message Inside the Vatican Magazine Urbi et Orbi (“to the City [of Rome] and to the World”) was a standard opening of Roman proclamations. The term is now used to denote a papal address and Apostolic Blessing that is addressed to the City of Rome and to the entire world. The blessing takes place at each Easter and Christmas celebration in Rome from the central loggia of St. Peter’s Basilica. Part of the urbi et orbi blessing is the remission of all temporal punishment due to sin through a plenary indulgence attached to the Papal blessing. The blessings at Christmas and Easter are broadcast throughout the world by the European Broadcasting Union. The remission and forgiveness of sins is not only granted to the people in St. Peter’s Square but also to Catholics watching the ceremony on television and listening on radio. Before this blessing the Pope gives an address to the crowd and to the world, with seasonal greetings in many of the major world languages. Urbi et orbi is also used at St. Peter’s at the Papal inauguration and, on very rare occasions, as the blessing of pilgrims and during the Holy Year (Jubilee). The main phrase of the blessing ends: “Et benedictio Dei omnipotentis, Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti descendat super vos et maneat semper” (“And may the blessing of Almighty God, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, descend on you and remain with you always”.) The Pope’s message for Easter issues a call for all believers to join with Christ and affirm Christ’s Easter Sunday victory over death by taking up his weapons: justice and truth, mercy, forgiveness and love. Here is the Vatican’s English translation of Pope Benedict XVI’s message “urbi et orbi” (to the city and to the world) for April 12, 2009, Easter Sunday. Dear Brothers and Sisters in Rome and throughout the world, From the depths of my heart, I wish all of you a blessed Easter. To quote Saint Augustine, “Resurrectio Domini, spes nostra — the resurrection of the Lord is our hope” (Sermon 261:1). With these words, the great Bishop explained to the faithful that Jesus rose again so that we, though destined to die, should not despair, worrying that with death life is completely finished; Christ is risen to give us hope (cf. ibid.). Indeed, one of the questions that most preoccupies men and women is this: what is there after death? To this mystery today’s solemnity allows us to respond that death does not have the last word, because Life will be victorious at the end. This certainty of ours is based not on simple human reasoning, but on a historical fact of faith: Jesus Christ, crucified and buried, is risen with his glorified body. Jesus is risen so that we too, believing in him, may have eternal life. This proclamation is at the heart of the Gospel message. As Saint Paul vigorously declares: “If Christ has not been raised, our preaching is in vain and your faith is in vain.” He goes on to say: “If for this life only we have hoped in Christ, we are of all men most to be pitied” (1 Cor 15:14,19). Ever since the dawn of Easter a new Spring of hope has filled the world; from that day forward our resurrection has begun, because Easter does not simply signal a moment in history, but the beginning of a new condition: Jesus is risen not because his memory remains alive in the hearts of his disciples, but because he himself lives in us, and in him we can already savour the joy of eternal life. The resurrection, then, is not a theory, but a historical reality revealed by the man Jesus Christ by means of his “Passover”, his “passage”, that has opened a “new way” between heaven and earth (cf. Heb 10:20). It is neither a myth nor a dream, it is not a vision or a utopia, it is not a fairy tale, but it is a singular and unrepeatable event: Jesus of Nazareth, son of Mary, who at dusk on Friday was taken down from the Cross and buried, has victoriously left the tomb. In fact, at dawn on the first day after the Sabbath, Peter and John found the tomb empty. Mary Magdalene and the other women encountered the risen Jes",
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trivia_qa_1505422
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[
{
"content": "Retrieve Wikipedia passages that answer the question; What was the most common password used online in 2012?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Most Popular (Worst) Passwords Of 2012: 'Password' Tops List For Second Year In A Row | The Huffington Post Most Popular (Worst) Passwords Of 2012: 'Password' Tops List For Second Year In A Row 10/25/2012 06:34 pm ET | Updated Oct 25, 2012 380 \"Password\" has topped the list of most popular -- or worst -- passwords of 2012. This week, SplashData released its annual list of the most common passwords used on the Internet -- and you may be surprised as to how obvious many of them are. The top three passwords of 2012 -- \"password,\" \"123456,\" and \"12345678\" -- remain unchanged from the 2011 list, while others such as \"baseball,\" \"iloveyou,\" and \"111111\" became a little more popular this year. New entries to this year's top 25 include \"jesus,\" \"ninja\" and the highly imaginative \"password1.\" SCROLL FOR FULL LIST As a PR Web press release notes, users of \" any of these passwords are the most likely to be victims \" of security breaches. \"At this time of year, people enjoy focusing on scary costumes, movies and decorations” said Morgan Slain, SplashData CEO, referring to the upcoming Halloween festivities. \"But those who have been through it can tell you how terrifying it is to have your identity stolen because of a hacked password . “We're hoping that with more publicity about how risky it is to use weak passwords, more people will start taking simple steps to protect themselves by using stronger passwords and using different passwords for different websites,\" he added. Indeed, in the wake of the \"high-profile hacks of Yahoo! , LinkedIn , eHarmony , and Last.fm passwords this year, Internet users have hopefully given some additional thought to their online security,\" Mashable writes . Security, however, is also a big concern when it comes to finances. Through an analysis of a database of 3.4 million stolen passwords made public over the years, researchers at Data Genetics were recently able to determine some of the most popular ATM PINs . Birth years, as well as simple combinations, such as \"1234,\" \"1111,\" and \"0000,\" were said to be among the most commonly used PINs. The safest -- or at least what was the safest -- four-digit combination was \"8068.\" SplashData’s list was compiled from \" files containing millions of stolen passwords posted online by hackers ,\" according to the press release. Needless to say, the company \"advises consumers or businesses using any of the passwords on the list to change them immediately .\" Need tips on choosing strong passwords? Watch the Mashable video above. View the list of the 25 most popular passwords below: password (Unchanged)",
"role": "assistant"
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] |
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