--- annotations_creators: - crowdsourced language: - en license: - cc-by-4.0 multilinguality: - monolingual source_datasets: - original task_categories: - text-classification task_ids: - hate-speech-detection - sentiment-classification - multi-label-classification pretty_name: measuring-hate-speech tags: - arxiv:2009.10277 - counterspeech - hate-speech - text-regression - irt dataset_info: features: - name: comment_id dtype: int32 - name: annotator_id dtype: int32 - name: platform dtype: int8 - name: sentiment dtype: float64 - name: respect dtype: float64 - name: insult dtype: float64 - name: humiliate dtype: float64 - name: status dtype: float64 - name: dehumanize dtype: float64 - name: violence dtype: float64 - name: genocide dtype: float64 - name: attack_defend dtype: float64 - name: hatespeech dtype: float64 - name: hate_speech_score dtype: float64 - name: text dtype: string - name: infitms dtype: float64 - name: outfitms dtype: float64 - name: annotator_severity dtype: float64 - name: std_err dtype: float64 - name: annotator_infitms dtype: float64 - name: annotator_outfitms dtype: float64 - name: hypothesis dtype: float64 - name: target_race_asian dtype: bool - name: target_race_black dtype: bool - name: target_race_latinx dtype: bool - name: target_race_middle_eastern dtype: bool - name: target_race_native_american dtype: bool - name: target_race_pacific_islander dtype: bool - name: target_race_white dtype: bool - name: target_race_other dtype: bool - name: target_race dtype: bool - name: target_religion_atheist dtype: bool - name: target_religion_buddhist dtype: bool - name: target_religion_christian dtype: bool - name: target_religion_hindu dtype: bool - name: target_religion_jewish dtype: bool - name: target_religion_mormon dtype: bool - name: target_religion_muslim dtype: bool - name: target_religion_other dtype: bool - name: target_religion dtype: bool - name: target_origin_immigrant dtype: bool - name: target_origin_migrant_worker dtype: bool - name: target_origin_specific_country dtype: bool - name: target_origin_undocumented dtype: bool - name: target_origin_other dtype: bool - name: target_origin dtype: bool - name: target_gender_men dtype: bool - name: target_gender_non_binary dtype: bool - name: target_gender_transgender_men dtype: bool - name: target_gender_transgender_unspecified dtype: bool - name: target_gender_transgender_women dtype: bool - name: target_gender_women dtype: bool - name: target_gender_other dtype: bool - name: target_gender dtype: bool - name: target_sexuality_bisexual dtype: bool - name: target_sexuality_gay dtype: bool - name: target_sexuality_lesbian dtype: bool - name: target_sexuality_straight dtype: bool - name: target_sexuality_other dtype: bool - name: target_sexuality dtype: bool - name: target_age_children dtype: bool - name: target_age_teenagers dtype: bool - name: target_age_young_adults dtype: bool - name: target_age_middle_aged dtype: bool - name: target_age_seniors dtype: bool - name: target_age_other dtype: bool - name: target_age dtype: bool - name: target_disability_physical dtype: bool - name: target_disability_cognitive dtype: bool - name: target_disability_neurological dtype: bool - name: target_disability_visually_impaired dtype: bool - name: target_disability_hearing_impaired dtype: bool - name: target_disability_unspecific dtype: bool - name: target_disability_other dtype: bool - name: target_disability dtype: bool - name: target_politics_alt_right dtype: bool - name: target_politics_communist dtype: bool - name: target_politics_conservative dtype: bool - name: target_politics_democrat dtype: bool - name: target_politics_green_party dtype: bool - name: target_politics_leftist dtype: bool - name: target_politics_liberal dtype: bool - name: target_politics_libertarian dtype: bool - name: target_politics_republican dtype: bool - name: target_politics_socialist dtype: bool - name: target_politics_other dtype: bool - name: target_politics dtype: bool - name: annotator_gender dtype: string - name: annotator_trans dtype: string - name: annotator_educ dtype: string - name: annotator_income dtype: string - name: annotator_ideology dtype: string - name: annotator_gender_men dtype: bool - name: annotator_gender_women dtype: bool - name: annotator_gender_non_binary dtype: bool - name: annotator_gender_prefer_not_to_say dtype: bool - name: annotator_gender_self_describe dtype: bool - name: annotator_transgender dtype: bool - name: annotator_cisgender dtype: bool - name: annotator_transgender_prefer_not_to_say dtype: bool - name: annotator_education_some_high_school dtype: bool - name: annotator_education_high_school_grad dtype: bool - name: annotator_education_some_college dtype: bool - name: annotator_education_college_grad_aa dtype: bool - name: annotator_education_college_grad_ba dtype: bool - name: annotator_education_professional_degree dtype: bool - name: annotator_education_masters dtype: bool - name: annotator_education_phd dtype: bool - name: annotator_income_<10k dtype: bool - name: annotator_income_10k-50k dtype: bool - name: annotator_income_50k-100k dtype: bool - name: annotator_income_100k-200k dtype: bool - name: annotator_income_>200k dtype: bool - name: annotator_ideology_extremeley_conservative dtype: bool - name: annotator_ideology_conservative dtype: bool - name: annotator_ideology_slightly_conservative dtype: bool - name: annotator_ideology_neutral dtype: bool - name: annotator_ideology_slightly_liberal dtype: bool - name: annotator_ideology_liberal dtype: bool - name: annotator_ideology_extremeley_liberal dtype: bool - name: annotator_ideology_no_opinion dtype: bool - name: annotator_race_asian dtype: bool - name: annotator_race_black dtype: bool - name: annotator_race_latinx dtype: bool - name: annotator_race_middle_eastern dtype: bool - name: annotator_race_native_american dtype: bool - name: annotator_race_pacific_islander dtype: bool - name: annotator_race_white dtype: bool - name: annotator_race_other dtype: bool - name: annotator_age dtype: float64 - name: annotator_religion_atheist dtype: bool - name: annotator_religion_buddhist dtype: bool - name: annotator_religion_christian dtype: bool - name: annotator_religion_hindu dtype: bool - name: annotator_religion_jewish dtype: bool - name: annotator_religion_mormon dtype: bool - name: annotator_religion_muslim dtype: bool - name: annotator_religion_nothing dtype: bool - name: annotator_religion_other dtype: bool - name: annotator_sexuality_bisexual dtype: bool - name: annotator_sexuality_gay dtype: bool - name: annotator_sexuality_straight dtype: bool - name: annotator_sexuality_other dtype: bool splits: - name: train num_bytes: 53193054 num_examples: 135556 download_size: 20097387 dataset_size: 53193054 configs: - config_name: default data_files: - split: train path: data/train-* --- ## Dataset Description - **Homepage:** http://hatespeech.berkeley.edu - **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.10277 # Dataset card for _Measuring Hate Speech_ This is a public release of the dataset described in Kennedy et al. (2020) and Sachdeva et al. (2022), consisting of 39,565 comments annotated by 7,912 annotators, for 135,556 combined rows. The primary outcome variable is the "hate speech score" but the 10 constituent ordinal labels (sentiment, (dis)respect, insult, humiliation, inferior status, violence, dehumanization, genocide, attack/defense, hate speech benchmark) can also be treated as outcomes. Includes 8 target identity groups (race/ethnicity, religion, national origin/citizenship, gender, sexual orientation, age, disability, political ideology) and 42 target identity subgroups, as well as 6 annotator demographics and 40 subgroups. The hate speech score incorporates an IRT adjustment by estimating variation in annotator interpretation of the labeling guidelines. This dataset card is a work in progress and will be improved over time. ## Key dataset columns * hate_speech_score - continuous hate speech measure, where higher = more hateful and lower = less hateful. > 0.5 is approximately hate speech, < -1 is counter or supportive speech, and -1 to +0.5 is neutral or ambiguous. * text - lightly processed text of a social media post * comment\_id - unique ID for each comment * annotator\_id - unique ID for each annotator * sentiment - ordinal label that is combined into the continuous score * respect - ordinal label that is combined into the continuous score * insult - ordinal label that is combined into the continuous score * humiliate - ordinal label that is combined into the continuous score * status - ordinal label that is combined into the continuous score * dehumanize - ordinal label that is combined into the continuous score * violence - ordinal label that is combined into the continuous score * genocide - ordinal label that is combined into the continuous score * attack\_defend - ordinal label that is combined into the continuous score * hatespeech - ordinal label that is combined into the continuous score * annotator_severity - annotator's estimated survey interpretation bias ## Code to download The dataset can be downloaded using the following python code: ```python import datasets dataset = datasets.load_dataset('ucberkeley-dlab/measuring-hate-speech', 'binary') df = dataset['train'].to_pandas() df.describe() ``` ## Citation ``` @article{kennedy2020constructing, title={Constructing interval variables via faceted Rasch measurement and multitask deep learning: a hate speech application}, author={Kennedy, Chris J and Bacon, Geoff and Sahn, Alexander and von Vacano, Claudia}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.10277}, year={2020} } ``` ## Contributions Dataset curated by [@ck37](https://github.com/ck37), [@pssachdeva](https://github.com/pssachdeva), et al. ## References Kennedy, C. J., Bacon, G., Sahn, A., & von Vacano, C. (2020). [Constructing interval variables via faceted Rasch measurement and multitask deep learning: a hate speech application](https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.10277). arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.10277. Pratik Sachdeva, Renata Barreto, Geoff Bacon, Alexander Sahn, Claudia von Vacano, and Chris Kennedy. 2022. [The Measuring Hate Speech Corpus: Leveraging Rasch Measurement Theory for Data Perspectivism](https://aclanthology.org/2022.nlperspectives-1.11/). In *Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Perspectivist Approaches to NLP @LREC2022*, pages 83–94, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association.